Pan-American Exposition

Planning of the Exposition.

The event was organized by the Pan-American Exposition Company, formed in 1897. Cayuga Island was initially chosen as the place to hold the Exposition because of the island's proximity to Niagara Falls, which was a huge tourist attraction. When the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898, plans were put on hold. After the war, there was a heated competition between the cities of Buffalo and Niagara Falls over the location. Buffalo won for two main reasons. First, Buffalo had a much larger population; with roughly 350,000 people, it was the eighth-largest city in the United States. Second, Buffalo had better railroad connections; the city was within a day's journey by rail for over 40 million people. In July 1898, Congress pledged $500,000 for the Exposition to be held at Buffalo. The "Pan American" theme was carried throughout the event with the slogan "commercial well being and good understanding among the American Republics." The advent of the alternating current power transmission system in the US allowed designers to light the Exposition in Buffalo using power generated 25 mi (40 km) away at Niagara Falls.

McKinley's last speech delivered September 5, 1901.

The exposition is most remembered because United States President William McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz, at the Temple of Music on September 6, 1901. The President died eight days later on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds.

On the day prior to the shooting, McKinley had given an address at the exposition, which began as follows:

Expositions are the timekeepers of progress. They record the world's advancement. They stimulate the energy, enterprise, and intellect of the people; and quicken human genius. They go into the home. They broaden and brighten the daily life of the people. They open mighty storehouses of information to the student.[4]

The newly developed X-ray machine was displayed at the fair, but doctors were reluctant to use it on McKinley to search for the bullet because they did not know what side effects it might have had on him. Also, the operating room at the exposition's emergency hospital did not have any electric lighting, even though the exteriors of many of the buildings were covered with thousands of light bulbs. Doctors used a pan to reflect sunlight onto the operating table as they treated McKinley's wounds.

Buildings and exhibits featured at the Pan-American Exposition included:[5]

Image	Building	Architect	Status	Notes
	Agricultural, Manufacturers, and Liberal Arts Buildings	George Shepley	Demolished	The Agriculture building faced the Court of Fountain.[6]
	Electric Tower	John Galen Howard	Demolished	The fair's center piece
	Electricity Building	Green & Wicks	Demolished
	Ethnology Building	George Cary	Demolished
	U.S. Government Building	James Knox Taylor	Demolished	The building occupied the entire eastern Esplanade of the Exposition grounds.[7]
	Machinery and Transportation Building	Green & Wicks	Demolished
	Mines, Forestry and Graphic Arts Buildings	Robert Swain Peabody	Demolished	The buildings were the first series of buildings a visitor encountered after passing through the Triumphal Bridge.[8]
	New York State Building	George Cary	Extant	Constructed of Vermont Marble.
	Service Building	Esenwein & Johnson	Demolished	First building completed on the grounds.[9]
	Stadium	Babb, Cook & Willard	Demolished	Modeled after the Panathenaic Stadium.[10]
	Temple of Music	Esenwein & Johnson	Demolished	Center for the live performances
	Woman's Building		Demolished	Former club house of the Country Club of Buffalo.[11]
	Fair Japan		Demolished	Organized by Kushibiki and Arai.

Aerial view print of Pan-American Exposition, 1901

• The Court of Fountains, the central court to the exposition.
• The Great Amphitheater
• The Triumphal Bridge, which was positioned over the "Mirror Lake".
• Joshua Slocum's sloop, the Spray, on which he had recently sailed around the world alone.
• A Trip to the Moon, a mechanical dark ride that was later housed at Coney Island's Luna Park.
• In the center of the rose-garden beside the Woman's Building was Enid Yandell's "Struggle of Existence," a plaster version of the fountain "Struggle of Life" installed in Rhode Island

Lina Beecher, creator of the Flip Flap Railway, attempted to demonstrate one of his looping roller coasters at the fair, but the organizers of the event considered the ride to be too dangerous and refused to allow it on the grounds.[12] Buffalo native Nina Morgana, later a soprano with the Metropolitan Opera, was a child performer in the "Venice in America" attraction at the Exposition.[13] Composer/organist Fannie Morris Spencer gave two recitals in the Temple of Music.[14]

When the fair ended, the contents of the grounds were sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Company[15] of Chicago for US$92,000 ($2.81 million in 2022 dollars[16]).[17] Demolition of the buildings began in March 1902, and within a year, most of the buildings were demolished. The grounds were then cleared and subdivided to be used for residential streets, homes, and park land. Similar to previous world fairs, most of the buildings were constructed of timber and steel framing with precast staff panels made of a plaster/fiber mix. These buildings were built as a means of rapid construction and temporary ornamentation and not made to last.[18] Prior to its demolition, an effort was made via public committee to purchase and preserve the original Electric Tower from the wrecking company for nearly US$30,000 ($1.06 million in 2022 dollars[16]). However, the necessary funding could not be raised in time.[17]

The site of the exposition was bounded by Elmwood Avenue on the west, Delaware Avenue on the east, what is now Hoyt Lake on the south, and the railway on the north. It is now occupied by a residential neighborhood from Nottingham Terrace to Amherst Street, and businesses on the north side of Amherst Street. A stone and marker on a traffic island dividing Fordham Drive, near the Lincoln Parkway, marks the area where the Temple of Music was located.[19]

• The New York State Building, located in Delaware Park, was designed to outlast the Exposition and is now used as a museum by the Buffalo History Museum. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987, it can be visited at the corner of Elmwood Avenue and Nottingham Avenue. The Museum's Research Library has an online bibliography of its extensive Pan-American holdings.[20] Included in the Library collection are the records of the Pan-American Exposition Company.[21]
• The Albright-Knox Art Gallery was intended to serve as a Fine Arts Pavilion but due to construction delays, it was not completed in time.
• The original Electric Tower, although demolished, was the inspiration and design prototype for the 13 story, Beaux-Arts Electric Tower, built in 1912, in downtown Buffalo. The Hotel Statler was likewise demolished before Statler built a replacement in 1907, then another replacement in 1923.
• A boulder with a plaque and a flagpole marking the site of McKinley's assassination was placed in the grassy median on Fordham Drive in Buffalo.[22]
• At least one engine from the miniature railway that carried visitors around the fair was preserved. It is currently privately owned and operated in Braddock Heights, Maryland.

• Ticket Cost: US$0.50
  ($18.00 in 2022 dollars[16]).
• Total Event Expense: US$7 million[23]
  ($246 million in 2022 dollars[16])
• Visitors: 8,000,000[23]

Pan-American Exhibition, panorama view, from The Latest and Best Views of the Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, N.Y.: Robert Allen Reid, 1901.

• Put Me Off at Buffalo – popular song used to advertise the Exposition
• List of world's fairs
• Louisiana Purchase Exposition
• Raphael Beck
• World's Columbian Exposition
• List of world expositions

• Margaret Creighton (October 18, 2016). Electrifying Fall of Rainbow City: Spectacle and Assassination at the 1901 World's Fair. ISBN 978-0521433365.
• Goodrich, Arthur (August 1901). "Short Stories of Interesting Exhibits". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. II: 1054–1096. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
• Page, Walter H. (August 1901). "The Pan-American Exposition". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. II: 1014–1048. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
• Official catalogue and guide book to the Pan-American Exposition: With Maps of Exhibitions and Illustrations. Buffalo, NY: Charles Ahrhart. 1901.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pan-American Exposition.

• Buffalo Digital Library has links to over 125 full-text guidebooks, picture books, and other Pan-American works from the period
• Doing the Pan: Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901
• Minutes of the Board of Women Managers at the Pan-American Exposition, 1900-1901, courtesy of the Buffalo History Museum.
• Peeps at the Pan-American, a 3-volume set of scrapbooks by Buffalo schoolteacher Mabel Barnes, who visited the grounds 19 times. Courtesy of The Buffalo History Museum.
• New York Heritage Digital Collections: Pan-American Exposition Scrapbooks
• University at Buffalo Digital Collections: Pan-American Exposition of 1901
• Pan-American Exposition: A Visual Guide to buildings, fountains, sculpture, hotels, landscape features, and the Midway] compiled by The Buffalo History Museum.
• Pan-American Exposition Company Records: An inventory of the collection in the Research Library at The Buffalo History Museum. The business records are not digitized or online, so an in-person visit is needed to study them.
• Pan-American Exposition: List of Prizes, compiled by The Buffalo History Museum
• Pan-American Exposition Then and Now: A map of the grounds with an overlay of modern streets, created by The Buffalo History Museum
• 1901 Buffalo: Approximately 120 links
• Pan-American Exposition souvenir booklet autographed by William McKinley courtesy of The Shapell Manuscript Foundation