Paris biota
The Paris biota is an exceptionally diverse Early Triassic (approximately 249 million years ago)[1] fossil assemblage described in 2017 from the Lower Shale Member of the Thaynes Group. It was first discovered in Paris Canyon, west of the town of Paris in Bear Lake County, southeastern Idaho, United States.[2] This biota was later also found in coeval and slightly younger beds in northeastern Nevada (Elko County) and Bear Lake and Caribou counties, southeastern Idaho.[3]
| Paris biota | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: earliest Spathian, ~ | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Shale, limestone, siltstone |
| Location | |
| Region | Idaho and Nevada, United States |
| Country |  United States |
  Paris biota (the United States)  Paris biota (Idaho) | |
Age
The Paris biota was found in layers dating back to the earliest Spathian, a substage of the Olenekian stage of the Early Triassic epoch. The biostratigraphy is constrained by the presence of the ammonoids Tirolites and Bajarunia, and conodonts.[2][3] The Tirolites/Columbites beds are dated with 248.853±0.086 Ma.[1] The Paris biota was later also discovered in slightly younger beds in Immigrant Canyon, northeastern Nevada, associated with the ammonoid index fossils Prohungarites sp. and Neopopanoceras haugi, which point to a middle–late Spathian age.[3]
Palaeogeography and paleoenvironment
The organisms of the Paris biota lived in a shallow marine epicontinental sea (western USA basin) on the western coast of Pangea. The sites were located in a near-equatorial position during the Early Triassic epoch.[2][3]
Assemblage
The Spathian aged Paris biota is one of the earliest diverse fossil assemblages from the post-extinction interval, about ∼3 myr[1][4] after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and the first one in the wake of the Smithian-Spathian boundary extinction.
The Paris biota comprises fossils belonging to 20 orders or seven phyla: (1) Retaria (foraminifers)[2] (2) sponges, (3) brachiopods (4) mollusks, (5) arthropods, (6) echinoderms and (7) chordates (vertebrates). The assemblage also contains fossil algae and coprolites (trace fossils). Ammonoids and bivalves dominate the fauna.[2] The fauna combines Palaeozoic survivors with members of the Modern evolutionary fauna (i.e., groups that are typical for the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The Paris biota therefore provides a glimpse at the faunal turnover associated with the largest mass extinction in Earth's history. The biota includes leptomitid protomonaxonid sponges, a group that is otherwise known from the early Paleozoic era (e.g. from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of western Canada). Among the modern clades, it contains a gladius-bearing coleoid cephalopod (Idahoteuthis). The preservation of Paris biota organisms is considered taxon-dependent, but is not fully understood.[5] The study of some fossils could be improved using synchrotron μXRF imaging.[6]
Most organisms of the Paris biota were described in a thematic issue of the journal Geobios in 2019,[7] but new taxa were also subsequently described.
In 2023, another diverse post-extinction biota was presented from South China, the Dienerian aged Guiyang biota,[8] which includes fossils belonging to 12 classes and 19 orders. The Early Triassic is generally considered as an environmentally unstable and diversity-poor interval,[2] highlighting the importance of the discovery of such diverse lagerstätten.
The following taxa (animals sorted by phylum) were either reported or described from the Paris biota (not listed are the foraminifera and conodonts):
Sponges
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Porifera of the Paris biota | ||
|---|---|---|
| Taxon / Genus | Species | Notes |
| Pseudoleptomitus | P. advenus | A leptomitid protomonaxonid sponge similar to Leptomitus. This group was previously only known from the Cambrian and Ordovician periods[9] |
Brachiopods
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Brachiopoda of the Paris biota | ||
|---|---|---|
| Taxon / Genus | Species | Notes |
| Brachiopoda | Gen. et sp. indet. | An epizoan species closely associated with the sponges[3] |
| Lingularia | L. borealis | A lingulid[3] |
| Rhynchonellata | Gen. et sp. indet. | A brachiopod[3] |
Mollusks
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Mollusca of the Paris biota | ||
|---|---|---|
| Taxon / Genus | Species | Notes |
| Albanites | A. americanus | An ammonoid cephalopod[10] |
| Avichlamys? | A.? csopakensis? | A pectinid bivalve[3] |
| Bajarunia | B. cf. pilata | An ammonoid cephalopod typical of the earliest Spathian substage[10] |
| Belemnoidea | Gen. et sp. indet. | Arm hooks of a belemnoid[2] |
| Caribouceras | C. slugense | An endemic ammonoid cephalopod[10] |
| Columbites | C. parisianus | An ammonoid cephalopod[10] |
| Coscaites | C. crassus | An ammonoid cephalopod[10] |
| Critendenia | C. kummeli | A bivalve[3] |
| Crittendenia sp. | A claraiid bivalve[3] | |
| Eumorphotis | E. cf. ericius | A heteropectinid bivalve[3] |
| E. multiformis? | A heteropectinid bivalve[3] | |
| Eumorphotis sp. | A heteropectinid bivalve[3] | |
| Hedenstroemiidae | Gen. et sp. indet. | An ammonoid cephalopod[10] |
| Idahoteuthis | I. parisiana | A gladius-bearing coleoid cephalopod[11] |
| Leptochondria | L. curtocardinalis | A hunanopectinid bivalve[3] |
| L. nuetzeli? | A hunanopectinid bivalve[3] | |
| L. occidanea | A hunanopectinid bivalve[3] | |
| L. virgalensis? | A hunanopectinid bivalve[3] | |
| Leptochondria sp. | A hunanopectinid bivalve[3] | |
| Phaedrysmocheilus | P. idahoensis | A nautiloid cephalopod[10] |
| Pleuronectites | P. meeki | A pectinid bivalve[3] |
| Scythentolium | Scythentolium sp. | A entoliid bivalve[3] |
| Tirolites | T. harti | An ammonoid cephalopod typical of the earliest Spathian substage[10] |
| T. aff. cassianus | An ammonoid cephalopod typical for the earliest Spathian substage[10] | |
| Trematoceras | Trematoceras sp. | An orthoconic nautiloid cephalopod[10] |
Arthropods
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Arthropoda of the Paris biota | ||
|---|---|---|
| Taxon / Genus | Species | Notes |
| Aeger | Aeger sp. | An aegerid prawn[12] |
| Anisaeger | A. longirostrus | An aegerid prawn[12] |
| Ankitokazocaris | A. triassica | A thylacocephalan[13] |
| Caridea | Gen. et sp. indet. | A shrimp[2][3] |
| Hoplocarida | Gen. et sp. indet. | A malacostracan crustacean[3] |
| Ligulacaris | L. parisiana | A thylacocephalan[13] |
| Limulidae? | Gen. et sp. indet. | A xiphosuran chelicerate[3] |
| Litogaster | L. turnbullensis? | A glypheid pleocyemate crustacean[3][12] |
| Litogaster sp. | A glypheid pleocyemate crustacean[3] | |
| Penaeoidea | Gen. et sp. indet. | A prawn[2][3] |
| Pemphix | P. krumenackeri | A glypheid pleocyemate crustacean[12] |
| Thylacocephala | Gen. et sp. indet. | A thylacocephalan[3] |
Echinoderms
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Echinodermata of the Paris biota | ||
|---|---|---|
| Taxon / Genus | Species | Notes |
| Holocrinus | Holocrinus nov. sp. | A sea lily[14] |
| Shoshonura | S. brayardi | An ophiacanthid brittle star[15] |
Chordates
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Chordata of the Paris biota | ||
|---|---|---|
| Taxon / Genus | Species | Notes |
| Actinistia | Gen. et sp. indet. | Coelacanth remains[3] |
| Bobasatrania | Bobasatrania sp. | Complete specimens[3] |
| Hybodontiformes | Gen. et sp. indet. A | A slab with several hybodontiform teeth showing a heterodont durophagous dentition[16] |
| Gen. et sp. indet. B | A single hybodontiform tooth[16] | |
| Osteichthyes | Gen. et sp. indet. | Tooth plate[2] |
| Vertebrata | indet. | coprolites referrable to large vertebrate producers[2] |
Algae
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Algae of the Paris biota | ||
|---|---|---|
| Taxon / Genus | Species | Notes |
| Algae | Gen. et ap. indet. | Filamental algae and other algae[3] |
| Dasycladales | Gen. et ap. indet. | An unicellular green algae[3] |
| Rhodophyta | Gen. et ap. indet. | A red algae[3] |
References
- Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; Vennemann, Torsten; Bagherpour, Borhan; Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Goudemand, Nicolas; Schaltegger, Urs (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 196. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
- Brayard, Arnaud; Krumenacker, L. J.; Botting, Joseph P.; Jenks, James F.; Bylund, Kevin G.; Fara, Emmanuel; Vennin, Emmanuelle; Olivier, Nicolas; Goudemand, Nicolas; Saucède, Thomas; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Romano, Carlo; Doguzhaeva, Larisa; Thuy, Ben; Hautmann, Michael; Stephen, Daniel A.; Thomazo, Christophe; Escarguel, Gilles (2017). "Unexpected Early Triassic marine ecosystem and the rise of the Modern evolutionary fauna". Science Advances. 3 (2): e1602159. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E2159B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602159. PMC 5310825. PMID 28246643.
- Smith, Christopher P.A.; Laville, Thomas; Fara, Emmauel; Escarguel, Gilles; Olivier, Nicolas; Vennin, Emmanuelle; Goudemand, Nicolas; Bylund, Kevin G.; Jenks, James F.; Stephen, Daniel A.; Hautmann, Michael; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Krumenacker, L.J.; Brayard, Arnaud (2021). "Exceptional fossil assemblages confirm the existence of complex Early Triassic ecosystems during the early Spathian". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 19657. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1119657S. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99056-8. PMC 8490361. PMID 34608207.
- Baresel, Björn; Bucher, Hugo; Bagherpour, Borhan; Brosse, Morgane; Guodun, Kuang; Schaltegger, Urs (6 March 2017). "Timing of global regression and microbial bloom linked with the Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction: implications for driving mechanisms". Scientific Reports. 7: 43630. Bibcode:2017NatSR...743630B. doi:10.1038/srep43630. PMC 5338007. PMID 28262815.
- Iniesto, Miguel; Thomazo, Christophe; Fara, Emmanuel; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "Deciphering the exceptional preservation of the Early Triassic Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA)". Geobios. 54: 81–93. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...81I. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.002. S2CID 146648069.
- Brayard, Arnaud; Gueriau, Pierre; Thoury, Mathieu; Escarguel, Gilles; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "Glow in the dark: Use of synchrotron μXRF trace elemental mapping and multispectral macro-imaging on fossils from the Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA)". Geobios. 54: 71–79. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...71B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.008. S2CID 146629155.
- Brayard, Arnaud; Fara, Emmanuel; Escarguel, Gilles (2019). "Foreword for the thematic issue "The Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA): an exceptional window on the Early Triassic marine life"". Geobios. 54: 1–3. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54....1B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.009. S2CID 146125332.
- Dai, Xu; Davies, Joshua H.F.L.; Yuan, Zhiwei; Brayard, Arnaud; Ovtcharova, Maria; Xu, Guanghui; Liu, Xiaokang; Smith, Christopher P.A.; Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Li, Mingtao; Perrot, Morgann G.; Jiang, Shouyi; Miao, Luyi; Cao, Yiran; Yan, Jia; Bai, Ruoyu; Wang, Fengyu; Guo, Wei; Song, Huyue; Tian, Li; Dal Corso, Jacopo; Liu, Yuting; Chu, Daoliang; Song, Haijun (2023). "A Mesozoic fossil lagerstätte from 250.8 million years ago shows a modern-type marine ecosystem". Science. 379 (6632): 567–572. Bibcode:2023Sci...379..567D. doi:10.1126/science.adf1622. PMID 36758082. S2CID 256697946.
- Botting, Joseph P.; Brayard, Arnaud; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "A late-surviving Triassic protomonaxonid sponge from the Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA)". Geobios. 54: 5–11. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54....5B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.006. S2CID 146559079.
- Brayard, Arnaud; Jenks, James F.; Bylund, Kevin G.; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "Ammonoids and nautiloids from the earliest Spathian Paris Biota and other early Spathian localities in southeastern Idaho, USA". Geobios. 54: 13–36. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...13B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.007. S2CID 146753373.
- Doguzhaeva, Larisa A.; Brayard, Arnaud; Goudemand, Nicolas; Krumenacker, L. J.; Jenks, James F.; Bylund, Kevin G.; Fara, Emmanuel; Olivier, Nicolas; Vennin, Emmanuelle; Escarguel, Gilles (2018). "An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA—a squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63 (2): 341–355. doi:10.4202/app.00393.2017.
- Smith, Christopher P. A.; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Jenks, James F.; Bylund, Kevin G.; Escarguel, Gilles; Olivier, Nicolas; Fara, Emmanuel; Brayard, Arnaud (2022). "The Paris Biota decapod (Arthropoda) fauna and the diversity of Triassic decapods". Journal of Paleontology. 96 (6): 1235–1263. Bibcode:2022JPal...96.1235S. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.34. S2CID 249448157.
- Charbonnier, Sylvain; Brayard, Arnaud; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "New thylacocephalans from the Early Triassic Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA)". Geobios. 54: 37–43. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...37C. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.005. S2CID 146346240.
- Saucède, Thomas; Vennin, Emanuelle; Fara, Emmanuel; Olivier, Nicolas; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "A new holocrinid (Articulata) from the Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA) highlights the high diversity of Early Triassic crinoids". Geobios. 54: 45–53. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...45S. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.003. S2CID 146408512.
- Thuy, Ben; Escarguel, Gilles; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "A new brittle star (Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatina) from the Early Triassic Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA)". Geobios. 54: 55–61. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...55T. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.004. S2CID 146672908.
- Romano, Carlo; Argyriou, Thodoris; Krumenacker, L.J.; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "Chondrichthyan teeth from the Early Triassic Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA)" (PDF). Geobios. 54: 63–70. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...63R. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.001. S2CID 146224099.