Socialist Patients' Collective

The group was founded by Wolfgang Huber and became publicly known in 1970 at the psychiatric hospital of the University of Heidelberg.

The SPK established a "free space" for "political therapy", re-framing illness as a contradiction created by capitalism which could be embraced to bring an end to the system which gave it life. They believed that the sick formed a revolutionary class of dispossessed people who could be radicalized to struggle against oppression. Organizing by sickness instead of socio-economic class allowed middle-class student leftists to articulate their own feelings of psychic and political oppression and to struggle against the status quo in their own right in solidarity with other oppressed groups. Additionally, according to the SPK sickness had the advantage of being familiar to everyone, hence everyone was a potential revolutionary so long as they disavowed the medical establishment. Like other anti-psychiatry experiments, such as Kingsley Hall and Villa 21, SPK questioned the patient/doctor paradigm and ultimately called for an overthrow of the "doctor's class".[8]

The SPK collective produced information leaflets, held teach-ins and Heidelberg University studied to recognize SPK as a part of the University.[14] SPK conducted "agitations", called "single" (individual actions) and "group agitations" (collective actions), working from 9 am to 10 pm or later.

However, the SPK experiment was criticized by many within Heidelberg's university and psychiatric clinic and the SPK's funding, salaries and meeting space were threatened. Despite opposition to the SPK, in the autumn of 1970 the university convened an advisory panel of 3 experts who recommended that the SPK should be institutionalized in Heidelberg university. To counter this suggestion, Heidelberg university's faculty of medicine supported the establishment of a counter-panel consisting of 3 critics of the SPK who were mandated to campaign against the group. The Minister overseeing both panels ultimately sided with the 3 SPK critics and decided against implementing any of the recommendations from the pro-SPK panel. SPK's funding was subsequently cut and the group was evicted from the university campus.[14]

The decision provoked a confrontation between the SPK and the university, which led to a sit-in and attracted the attention of a wider audience, including the police. Ultimately, the collective moved out of the university and into the homes of its members. On 24 June 1971, a mysterious shooting at Heidelberg police station was attributed to the Baader-Meinhof group, and based on that unrelated pretext, the police began conducting raids on SPK members' houses.[12] Three hundred fifty officers were charged with finding the shooter. At its peak, the SPK counted about 500 members; of these, seven were arrested in the raids, including Huber on 21 July 1971. Firstly SPK was falsely linked to the Baader-Meinhof group[6] but none of the SPK patients arrested was ever condemned due to any relation with the Baader-Meinhof group[9] and neither was ever proved any relation within SPK and RAF.[15] Accounts notice the brutality,[16] legal irregularities and other sort of abuses which surrounded the case,[12] and they also notice this was part of a disinformation campaign against SPK due to their revolutionary positions,[11][16] and thus SPK was criminalized as part of a political persecution.[15]

The rhetoric denouncing the SPK as engaged in "terrorist activity" and a precursor to the RAF re-emerged after the arrest of Kristina Berster, who crossed the US border illegally seeking asylum from West German counterterrorism operations. Berster was acquitted of all conspiracy charges, and the disinformation campaign was exposed by Greg Guma.[17]

A West German embassy spokesman stated, "By all accounts the SPC was fairly harmless."[18] Kristina Berster explained that "the purpose of the Socialist Patients Collective was to find out the reasons why people feel lonely, isolated and depressed and the circumstances which caused these problems."[17]

GSG 9 raided a facility belonging to SPK, discovering the first documented case of a terrorist organization training radio-jamming techniques. [19]

Even before Huber was arrested in June 1971,[20] the SPK dissolved. The IZRU or Information Zentrum Rote Volks-Universität (in English; Information Center of the Red People's University) was founded by former SPK members; however, the IZRU was neither the official or unofficial SPK. It organized international congresses, founded a newspaper: RVU (or Rote Volksuniversität, People's Red University), supported prisoners and reprinted some SPK literature.

Since 1973, the SPK has continued as Patients' Front/Socialist Patients' Collective, or PF/SPK(H). The refounding of the collective as Patient's Front was announced by Huber whilst he was in solitary confinement in Stammheim Prison, later called PF/SPK(H).[1][2][5] As the founder of the SPK and PF/SPK(H), Huber entrusted all juridical matters concerning the groups to Ingeborg Muhler, an active member of the SPK since 1970, who is an attorney and holds a MA in Computer Science.

Discussion of the SPK in both German-language and English-language written sources increased during the 1970s, fell during the 1980s, and rose again during the 1990s.[21][22]

Projects that have cited the group include

• SPK, an industrial music and noise music group in Australia, founded in 1978 and dissolved in 1988, which was named after the collective;
• Surrealist Action Turkey (Surrealist Eylem Turkiye), a group of writers, artists and intellectuals from Izmir, Istanbul and Ankara, founded in 2007 and dissolved in 2013;
• Cryzine, an internet magazine opposed to technofascism and founded in 2017 which refers to the SPK as an important influence as well as Karl Marx, the Surrealist André Breton, and the Situationist Guy Debord.[23]

• Occupational burnout
• Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?

• Book: Wolfgang Huber, Socialist Patients' Collective/Patient's Front SPK/PF(H). SPK: Turn Illness into a Weapon. KRRIM - PF-Verlag für Krankheit, Heidelberg, 2002. ISBN 978-3-926491-17-6
• Book: Wolfgang Huber, Sozialistisches Patientenkollektiv/Patientenfront, SPK/PF(H): SPK - Aus der Krankheit eine Waffe machen (6. erweiterte Aufl). Eine Agitationsschrift des Sozialistischen Patientenkollektiv an der Universität Heidelberg. Mit einem Vorwort von Jean-Paul Sartre und einer Zeittafel von den Anfängen ('65 ff) bis heute; Ausschnitt aus einer Rundfunksendung: Aus Krankheit stark Patientenfront. KRRIM - PF-Verlag für Krankheit, 1995. ISBN 978-3-926491-25-1.
• Christian Pross, Sonja Schweitzer und Julia Wagner. Wir wollten ins Verderben rennen – die Geschichte des sozialistischen Patientenkollektivs Heidelberg 1970-1971. Unter Mitarbeit von Sonja Schweitzer und Julia Wagner, gefördert durch die Hamburger Stiftung zur Förderung von Wissenschaft und Kultur, Psychiatrie Verlag, Köln 2016, ISBN 978-3-88414-672-9. (A synopsis in English)
• Book: Jillian Becker, Hitler's Children: The Story of the Baader-Meinhof Terrorist Gang, HarperCollins Distribution Services; New edition (28 June 1978) ISBN 978-0-586-04665-4.
• Book: Tom Vague, Televisionaries: the red army faction story (1963–1993), AK Press; Rev. and Updated Ed edition (9 June 1994). ISBN 978-1-873176-47-4

• PF/SPK(H) - Official website of the Socialist Patients' Collective