Ant nest beetle

Very little is known about the immature stages of ant nest beetles. Most appear to live in ant nests in their early stages of life. Although many are facultative or obligate myrmecophiles, most do not appear like ants (i.e. myrmecomorphic) and unlike in the case of myrmecophilous larval Lycaenidae, there appears to be no benefit gained by the ants in this association.[1] Many species follow the trails of worker ants of specific species. Glandular secretions on their antennae and body allow them to interact with ant workers.[2] It is believed that the beetles use an acoustic mechanism to successfully imitate the sounds of an ant queen thus permitting them access to the nest without alarming the ants.[3] Worker ants groom the beetles. Adult Paussus favieri have been observed to antennate and interact by stridulation with the queen of Pheidole pallidula in the brood chamber.[4] The defensive bombardier behaviour is never used against ants. Unlike bombardier beetles in the family Brachininae, which have two glands opening close together on the abdomen, the glands are located close to the lateral margins and lie under a flange formed by the tip of the elytra. The flange is curved and the explosive hot spray of quinones is directed forward by Coandă effect.[5] The flange is not present in members of the tribe Metriini but is replaced by similar internal structures.[6] Males of some species are attracted to lights during some parts of the season and are thought to disperse from one ant nest to another. Males are thought to be short-lived. These beetles feed on ant eggs, larvae and adults by piercing their mandibles into the abdomen or other soft part and sucking the contents. Apart from chemical mimicry and communication with their hosts, they also make use of vibrations. Several stridulatory structures are found in these beetles including alary-elytral, abdomen-femur and thorax-femur combinations of surfaces.[7] Larvae of only about 10 species have ever been examined. The first instar larvae of Paussus favieri has a terminal disc which is raised at times and bent back over the head. They also exhibit some behaviours and mouth part adaptations which may be involved in eliciting trophallaxis by the ant hosts but this has not been confirmed. They opportunistically feed on the haemolymph of ant larvae.[8]

The subfamily Paussinae contains 54 genera, with over 800 species divided into the following tribes and subtribes:[9]

While some tribes like Metriini and Ozaenini appear quite similar to typical carabids, others have modified antennae and body shapes. The Protopaussini and Paussini are slender or compact in body shape with enlarged antennae in the Paussini.

Arthropterus cerapteroides (Paussini: Cerapterina)

Paussina species from South Africa

Heteropaussus hastatus (Paussini: Heteropaussina)

Protopaussus sp.

These four tribes belong to the subfamily Paussinae:

Metriini LeConte, 1853

Subtribe †Kryzhanovskianina Deuve, 2019

Ozaenini Hope, 1838

Subtribe Microzaenina Deuve, 2019

Subtribe Mystropomina G.Horn, 1881

Subtribe Ozaenina Hope, 1838

Subtribe Pseudozaenina Sloane, 1905

Paussini Latreille, 1806

Subtribe CarabidomemninaWasmann, 1928

Subtribe CerapterinaBillberg, 1820

Subtribe HeteropaussinaJanssens, 1950

Subtribe HomopterinaWasmann, 1920

Subtribe PaussinaLatreille, 1806

Subtribe PentaplatarthrinaJeannel, 1946

Subtribe †ArthropteritinaLuna de Carvalho, 1961

Subtribe †EopaussinaLuna de Carvalho, 1951

Protopaussini Gestro, 1892