Pavel Nakhimov

Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (Russian: Павел Степанович Нахимов, pronounced [ˈpavʲɪl sʲtʲɪˈpanəvʲɪtɕ nɐˈxʲiməf]; July 5 [O.S. June 23] 1802 – July 12 [O.S. June 30] 1855) was a Russian Admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy known for his victory in the Battle of Sinop and his leadership in the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) during the Crimean War.

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Stepanovich and the family name is Nakhimov.
Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov
Born(1802-07-05)5 July 1802
Vyazemsky Uyezd, Smolensk Governorate, Russian Empire
Died12 July 1855(1855-07-12) (aged 53)
Sevastopol, Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire (Crimea)
Buried
St. Vladimir's Cathedral, Sevastopol
Allegiance Russian Empire
Service/branch Imperial Russian Navy
Years of service1818–1855
RankAdmiral
Commands heldCorvette Navarine
Frigate Pallada
Ship of the line Silistria
Ship Brigade of the Black Sea Fleet
Chief of Fleet Division
Squadron of the Black Sea Fleet
Commander of Fleet and Port
Battles/wars
Awardssee awards
Nakhimov on a 1952 Soviet stamp

He joined the imperial Russian Navy and moved up the ranks serving in the Greek War of Independence and the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29). At the beginning of the Crimean War, he delivered a significant victory at the Battle of Sinop against the Ottoman Empire. Afterward, he was a leader in the defense of Sevastopol against British, French, and Ottoman forces, during which a sniper wounded him, and he died a few days later.

After his death, he became a hero in Russia, with medals and ships named after him, especially during Soviet times, starting with Stalin.[1] Also, a Soviet Film called Admiral Nakhimov was made in 1947 about his life.[2]

Early life

Nakhimov was born in the village of Gorodok in the Vyazma district of the Smolensk Governorate into a noble Russian family. He was the seventh of eleven children of a landlord and second major Stepan Mikhailovich Nakhimov and his wife Feodosia Ivanovna Nakhimova (née Kozlovskaya). Six of his siblings died as infants. He and all four of his brothers would become professional seamen, including vice admiral Sergei Stepanovich Nakhimov (1805—1872).[3]

Early military career

In 1817, he entered the Naval Academy for the Nobility (Morskoy Dvoryanskiy Korpus) in Saint Petersburg. That year, he made his first sea voyage aboard the frigate Feniks ("Phoenix") to the shores of Sweden and Denmark. He was promoted to a non-commissioned officer soon after. In February 1818, he passed examinations to become a midshipman and was immediately assigned to the second Fleet Crew (Flotskiy Ekipazh) of the Russian Imperial Navy's Baltic Fleet.

At the beginning of his naval career, Nakhimov's experience was limited to voyages in the Baltic Sea as well as a more extensive trip from the White Sea port of Arkhangelsk to Kronstadt naval base near Saint Petersburg. His lucky break came in March 1822, when he was assigned to the frigate Kreiser ("Cruiser"); the vessel took part in a round-the-globe expedition commanded by the well-known Russian explorer Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851), who had already undertaken several such voyages.

During the three-year voyage, Nakhimov was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. On conclusion of this adventure, he received his first award, the Order of Saint Vladimir IV degree. He returned to his native Smolensk and was assigned to the 74-gun warship Azov, which made its maiden voyage from Arkhangelsk to Kronstadt in the autumn of 1826.

In the summer of 1827, Azov sailed to the Mediterranean as flagship of the Russian squadron under the command of Rear-Admiral Lodewijk van Heiden for a joint expedition with the French and British navies against the Ottomans. Just before its departure, Emperor Nicholas I visited the Azov and ordered that in the case of hostilities, the crew should deal with the enemy "as the Russians do".

Azov, under then-Captain First Rank M.P. Lazarev, distinguished itself most prominently in the Battle of Navarino (20 October 1827), during which the allied British-French-Russian fleet "totally" destroyed the Ottoman squadron.[4] For his outstanding gunnery performance during the battle, the 27-year-old Nakhimov was promoted to the captaincy of a trophy ship and was decorated by the allied governments.[5][6]

Early in his career, Nakhimov was criticized for “brutality towards sailors,” despite this allegation it wouldn't impact him in the public perspective of being a popular commander.[7]

Crimean War and death
Memorial of where Nakhimov got his lethal wound

Battle of Sinope

During the Crimean War of 1853-1856 Nakhimov distinguished himself by winning against the Ottoman fleet at Sinope in 1853.

Before the battle, the Russian fleet in the Black Sea was divided into two groups, one led by Nakhimov and the other V. A. Kornilov.[8] Nakhimov was tasked with the eastern part of the sea.[8] Meanwhile, the Ottomans knew Russian forces had been in the open sea since November 23. Still, for various reasons, including fear of facing Russia in the open sea, they decided to stay in port.[9] Nakhimov asked for reinforcements which he got on November 27, 1853, when a squadron led by Admiral Fyodor Mihailovich Novosilskiy joined the Nakhimov's squadron.[9][10] By the time of the battle, Nakhimov helped organize six battleships, two frigates, and three streamers, along with the Russians outgunning the Ottomans with weapons such as Paixhans guns.[10]

On November 30, 1853, the Nakhimov's squadron entered the bay where the Ottoman fleet led by admiral Osman Pasha was.[11] At first, the Russian squadron demanded the surrender of the Ottoman fleet.[11] After the Ottomans refused to surrender, a firefight broke out.[11] At first, the Ottoman ships were doing well against Nakhimov's forces. However, the battle quickly turned against the Ottomans as the Russian guns proved too much, and in just a few hours, the Ottoman fleet was on fire.[12] One ship, the Ottoman frigate Taif, started to head to Istanbul.[11] Despite the attempts of the Russians, they were unable to capture the ship, even with the efforts of the Russian Admiral V. A. Kornilov, who arrived with reinforcements but was unable to capture the ship.[11][12] The Taif would arrive in Istanbul, delivering the news of Naknimov's victory on December 2.[13] During the fight, all the Ottomans ships in the fleet, except for the Taif, were "devastated."[12] Alongside the damage to the ships, many Ottoman sailors died, although there is no agreement on exactly how many.[12][14] Only an estimated 33-36 Russians Sailors and one officer died during the battle.[14] Admiral Osman was wounded in the foot and captured along with four other officers.[12][14] Admiral Osman and the four officers remained a prisoners of war until he was released in 1855.[14]

Nakhimov kept firing during the battle despite most of the Ottoman ships ablaze. It resulted in the burning of parts of the city, and its leaders and the Muslim population fleeing. Thus he's been criticized for attacking civilians during the battle. However, he later tried to explain his actions by sending an envoy to the city, arguing that he was seeking to "destroy the Ottoman fleet."[12]

Siege of Sevastopol and death

His finest hour came during the Siege of Sevastopol, where he and Admiral V. A. Kornilov organized from scratch the land defense of the city and its port, the home base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. As the commander of the port and the military governor of the city, Nakhimov became in fact the head of the Sevastopol naval and land defense forces. On July 10 [O.S. June 28] 1855, while inspecting the forward-defense positions on Malakhov Kurgan, he was fatally wounded by a sniper and died two days later.

Legacy

Glorification

In the aftermath of his death, Naknimov faced a movement of glorification, which included misrepresenting facts.[7] Becoming a part of the "Sevastopol myth," in which Russian figures presented glorification of the defense of the city. This populist movement glorification of the battle was conducted alongside writers such as Leo Tolstoy.[7][15] In publications, Naknimov was represented as a "friend of the common people" and "the soul of the defense of Sevastopol."[7] Despite his popularity with populist factions, the Imperial government didn't recognize Nakhimov, as evident of the government's efforts to force artists of the panoramic painting "Defense of Sevastopol, 1854-5" to remove his figure and replace it with Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov.[15]

Despite him not being included in official government accounts, he was later honored in the Soviet Union by propagandists.[16] During World War 2, Naknimov was turned into a national hero by the Soviet Union and Stalin alongside other figures like Prince Pyotr Bagration, Mikhail Kutuzov, Aleksandr Nevsky, and Aleksandr Suvorov.[1][16]

Monuments and tributes

There are many monuments and medals created in his memory. In the 1890s a statue of Nakhimov along with Vladimir Alexeyevich Kornilov was put in Sevastopol.[15]

Nakhimov was buried inside St Vladimir's Cathedral in Sevastopol along with Mikhail Lazarev, V.A. Kornilov and Vladimir Istomin. There is a monument erected in his memory. The Soviet government instituted posthumous honors as well, introducing Nakhimov Naval Schools for teenagers in 1943, and establishing in 1944 both the Order of Nakhimov (with two degrees) and the Nakhimov Medal for Navy personnel. The Order of Nakhimov, one of the highest military decorations in the Soviet Union, continues to exist in the Russian Federation.

Ships named after Nakhimov

Honours and awards
Russian 1 rouble coin commemorating the 190th anniversary of Nakhimov's birth.

The 1947 Soviet movie Admiral Nakhimov, directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin, is about the life of Nakhimov. Soviet actor Aleksei Dikiy played Nakhimov. The movie covers Nakhimov's victory in the Battle of Sinop and his defense of Sevastopol. The film had to be remade by Pudovkin as the Communist Party of the Soviet Union viewed the original film as having too much "dancing" and misrepresenting historical facts. Pudovkin removed the love story and "toned down" the dance scenes.[2]

See also

References
  1. Rieber, Alfred J. (2022). Stalin as warlord. New Haven. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-300-26900-0. OCLC 1341476896.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES. (5 January 1947). "SOVIET FILM REVISED FOR PARTY APPROVAL". New York Times. p. 55.
  3. Spiridonova L.I., Fyodorova G. N. (2003). P. S. Nakhimov. The Collection of Documents and Materials Archived 13 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. — Saint Petersburg: Petersburg Institute of Printing Arts, pp. 355—387 ISBN 5-8122-0302-4
  4. Cochrane, George (1837). Wanderings in Greece. Vol. 1. Henry Colburn, Publisher. p. 115. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2019. [...] the battle of Navarino, which ended in the total destruction of the Turko-Egyptian squadron.
  5. "Admiral P. S. Nakhimov". Russian Navy. RusNavy.com. 1998–2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  6. "210TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF ADMIRAL PAVEL NAKHIMOV". Russkiy Mir Foundation.
  7. Plokhy, Serhii (2008). Ukraine and Russia representations of the past. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4426-8953-4. OCLC 1346817267.
  8. Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 118. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 119. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 120. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 121. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 122. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 128. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 123. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. Plokhy, Serhii (2008). Ukraine and Russia : representations of the past. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-4426-8953-4. OCLC 607750654.
  16. Plokhy, Serhii (2008). Ukraine and Russia : representations of the past. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-4426-8953-4. OCLC 607750654.

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