Penedo

Founded in 1614, Penedo has many important examples of Portuguese and Dutch colonial architectures. The history of Penedo can be found in Francisco Alberto Sales's book Arruando para o Forte. It was reached by sea from the wide estuary of the São Francisco River.

The unclassified extinct Wakoná language was formerly spoken in Penedo. Loukotka (1968) reported that the remaining ethnic descendants who speak only Portuguese could be found in the city of Porto Real do Colégio.[3]

Among its historically significant buildings are its well preserved churches, which were built through the 18th century. Some of these include:

• Convento de São Francisco e Igreja de Nossa Senhora dos Anjos
  (Convent of Saint Francis and Church of Our Lady of the Angels)
• Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Corrente
  (Church of Our Lady of the Chains)
• Catedral de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos, Cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Penedo.
  (Cathedral of Our Lady of the Black People's Rosary)

The Casa do Penedo, built in 1974, has as its objective the preservation of the city's artistic and cultural patrimony. In the Casa do Penedo one can find a rich quantity of five centuries of creativity by residents of the São Francisco River Valley.

Penedo is the location in The Far Side of the World, a novel by Patrick O'Brian set in the era when both the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars were underway, where HMS Surprise pulls in for repairs. The ship stays longer than expected when she gets stuck in the river due to its rapidly changing tides.

• Penedo, Itatiaia, a touristic district of Itatiaia, RJ. A former Finnish colony.