Pirithous

Pirithous (/ˌpaɪˈrɪθoʊ.əs/; Greek: Πειρίθοος or Πειρίθους, derived from περιθεῖν, peritheein, 'to run around'; also transliterated as Perithous), in Greek mythology, was the King of the Lapiths of Larissa in Thessaly, as well as best friend to Theseus.

"Perithous" redirects here. For the genus of insects, see Perithous (wasp).
Pirithous and Hippodamia receiving the centaurs at his wedding. Antique fresco from Pompeii.
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"Pirithous' Kampf um Helena" by Joseph Echteler and Richard Brend'amour

Biography

Pirithous was a son of "heavenly" Dia, fathered either by Ixion[1] or by Zeus.[2] He married Hippodamia, daughter of Atrax or Butes, at whose wedding the famous Battle of Lapiths and Centaurs occurred. By his wife, he became the father of Polypoetes,[3] one of the Greek leaders during the Trojan War. Peirithous was also the close friend of the hero Theseus.

Early years

According to Homer, Dia had sex with Zeus, who was disguised as a stallion, and gave birth to Pirithous; a folk etymology derived Pirithous' name from peritheein (περιθεῖν, 'to run around'), because that was what Zeus did to seduce Dia.

His best friend was Theseus. In the Iliad I, Nestor numbers Pirithous and Theseus "of heroic fame" among an earlier generation of heroes of his youth, "the strongest men that Earth has bred, the strongest men against the strongest enemies, a savage mountain-dwelling tribe whom they utterly destroyed." No trace of such an oral tradition, which Homer's listeners would have recognized in Nestor's allusion, survived in literary epic.

In disjointed episodes that have survived, Pirithous had heard rumors about Theseus' courage and strength in battle but he wanted proof. He rustled Theseus' herd of cattle from Marathon, and Theseus set out to pursue him. Pirithous took up arms and the pair met, then became so impressed with each other's gracefulness, beauty and courage they took an oath of friendship.[4] They were among the company of heroes that hunted the Calydonian Boar, another mythic theme that was already well known to Homer's listeners.

Centauromachy

Later, Pirithous was set to marry Hippodamia, their offspring being Polypoetes. The centaurs were guests at the party, but they got drunk and tried to abduct the women, including Hippodamia who was carried off by the intoxicated centaur Eurytion or Eurytus. The Lapiths won the ensuing battle, the Centauromachy, a favorite motif of Greek art.[5][6][7]

Pirithous, Hippodamia (here labeled under the name Laodameia), a Centaur, and Theseus, on an Apulian red-figure calyx-krater, 350-340 BC

Punishment in the Underworld

Hippodamia died shortly after Polypoetes' birth, after which Pirithous went to visit Theseus at Athens only to discover that Theseus' own wife, Phaedra, who, according to Ovid, felt left out by her husband's love for Pirithous,[8][9] was dead.[10] Thus, Pirithous and Theseus pledged to marry daughters of Zeus; Theseus chose Helen of Sparta and together they kidnapped her when she was 13 years of age and decided to hold on to her until she was old enough to marry. Pirithous chose a more dangerous prize: Persephone herself. Theseus objected, and tried to talk him out of it, as this act would be too blasphemous; but Pirithous insisted, and Theseus was bound by his oaths, so he agreed.[11] They left Helen with Theseus' mother, Aethra, at Aphidnae, and traveled to the underworld. When they stopped to rest, they found themselves unable to stand up from the rock as they saw the Furies appear before them.

Rescue

Heracles freed Theseus from the stone, but the earth shook when he attempted to free Pirithous.[12] He had committed too great a crime for wanting the wife of one of the great gods as his own bride.[13] According to a scholium on Aristophanes, in a lost play by Euripides Hades had Pirithous fed to Cerberus for his impiety.[14] By the time Theseus returned to Athens, the Dioscuri (Helen's twin brothers Castor and Pollux) had taken Helen back to Sparta; they had taken captive Aethra as well as Pirithous' sister, Physadeia, and they became handmaidens of Helen and later followed her to Troy.[15]

The rescue of Theseus and Pirithous acquired a humorous tone in the realm of Attic comedy, in which Heracles attempted to free them from the rock to which they had been bound together in the Underworld (for having tried to carry off Persephone). He succeeded in freeing only Theseus and left behind his buttocks attached to the rocks. Due to this Theseus came to be called hypolispos, meaning "with hinder parts rubbed smooth."[16][17] This may have been a later invention.

Pirithous was worshiped at Athens, along with Theseus, as a hero.[18][19][20][21]

  • Erinnye, den Peirithoos in der Unterwelt bindend (Vasenbild) (circa 1885)
    Erinnye, den Peirithoos in der Unterwelt bindend (Vasenbild) (circa 1885)
  • Theseus and Pirithous abducting Elena by Pelagio Palagi (1814)
    Theseus and Pirithous abducting Elena by Pelagio Palagi (1814)
  • Herakles, Theseus and Pirithoos in Hades, with Hermes. (Attic red-figure calyx-krater between circa 450 and circa 440 BC)
    Herakles, Theseus and Pirithoos in Hades, with Hermes. (Attic red-figure calyx-krater between circa 450 and circa 440 BC)
  • Theseus and Pirithoüs Clearing the Earth of Brigands, Deliver Two Women from the Hands of their Abductors by Angelique Mongez (1806)
    Theseus and Pirithoüs Clearing the Earth of Brigands, Deliver Two Women from the Hands of their Abductors by Angelique Mongez (1806)
  • Theseus leading Helen to a chariot arranged by Peirithoos. Helen's sister, Phoibe (on the right), watches on. Attic red-figure stamnos by Polygnotos, ca. 430-420 BC.
    Theseus leading Helen to a chariot arranged by Peirithoos. Helen's sister, Phoibe (on the right), watches on. Attic red-figure stamnos by Polygnotos, ca. 430-420 BC.

References
  1. Homer, Iliad 2.741, 14.17; Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.8.2; Eustathius ad Homer, p. 101.1
  2. Homer, Iliad 14.317; Hyginus, Fabulae 155; Grimal, s.v. Pirithous, p. 374.
  3. Homer, Iliad 2.740 & 12.129
  4. "PLUTARCH, THESEUS". classics.mit.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
  5. Homer, Odyssey 11.630 & 21.296-304
  6. Homer, Iliad 1.263
  7. Ovid, Metamorphoses 12.218 ff
  8. "OVID, HEROIDES IV - Theoi Classical Texts Library". www.theoi.com. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
  9. Ovid's Heroides, 4
  10. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica (Book 4, Ch. 63)
  11. Diodorus Siculus, Historic Library 4.63.4
  12. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca (Book 2, Ch. 5, sec. 12)
  13. Virgil, Aeneid (Book 6, ln. 393)
  14. Tzetzes on Aristophanes' Frogs 142a
  15. Hyginus, Fabulae 79 & 92
  16. Licht, Hans. Sexual life in ancient Greece. 1994, p. 232.
  17. Horace, Odes (Book 4, ln. 7)
  18. Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio (Book 1, Ch. 30, sect. 4; Book 10, Ch. 29, sect. 2)
  19. Ovid, Metamorphoses (Book 8, ln. 566)
  20. Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 36.4
  21. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca (Book 1, Ch. 8, sect. 2)

Bibliography
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