Peruća Lake

Lake Peruća or Peruča (Croatian: Jezero Peruča[1] or Perućko jezero[2]) is the second largest artificial lake in Croatia, after Lake Dubrava. It is located in the Split-Dalmatia County.

Peruća Lake
Peruća Lake is located in Croatia
Peruća Lake
Peruća Lake
LocationSplit-Dalmatia County, Dalmatia
Coordinates43°51′N 16°31′E
Typeartificial lake
Native namePerućko jezero (Croatian)
Primary inflowsCetina
Primary outflowsCetina
Catchment area3,700 km2 (1,400 sq mi)
Basin countriesCroatia
Max. length18 km (11 mi)
Max. width3 km (1.9 mi)
Surface area13.0 km2 (5.0 sq mi)[1]
Max. depth64 m (210 ft)[1]
Water volume565 hm3 (458,000 acre⋅ft)
Surface elevation360 m (1,180 ft)[1]

Location

Located in inland Dalmatia, south of the source of the River Cetina, northeast of the State route D1 between the towns of Sinj and Vrlika.

The Lake is on the course of the River Cetina, bounded by Svilaja mountain to the southwest and Dinara mountain to the northeast.

Building of the dam

The Lake is fed by water from the Cetina River, and drains an area of 3,700 km2, while the total catchment area of the Cetina is around 12,000 km2. The annual discharge is around 105 m3 s−1 as a consequence of a mean annual rainfall of 1380 mm. This is why the artificial lake was created by building a dam on Cetina River in 1958, some 25 km downstream. The Peruća lake was the first large reservoir created in karst and the first remote reservoir in the Cetina Hydropower System that makes use of its 390 m total elevation drop.[3] The reservoir was impounded in the Cetina canyon upstream of the Hrvatačko Polje (a karst field) by the construction of the 63 m high Peruća earth dam and grout curtain. The Peruća lake reservoir active storage is about 37% of the mean annual inflow, and it considerably affects the Cetina flow regulation at the downstream power plants between Sinjsko Polje (field) and the Adriatic. The head concentration which is the result of Peruća Dam construction is used by the Peruća Hydroelectric Power Plant. The Peruća lake reservoir's active storage is 565 million m3 at the maximum operating level at an elevation of 361.50 m.a.s.l. The maximum reservoir flood level is 362.00 m.a.s.l. This was considered a great achievement at that time. The majority of the catchment drains calcareous are rocks of the Cretaceous period, predominantly limestone. Peruća lake is the third largest lake in Croatia by size.[1] It is spread over 10–20 km², and is 60–70 m at its maximum depth, depending on quantity of rain/snow in winter.

Building the dam on the Cetina and creating the lake, has limited flooding downstream. Dalmatia has secured a greater energy supply.

Before it was built, the State of SFRY nationalised land which belonged to the inhabitants of the neighbouring settlements of Vrlika, Garjak, Kosore, Ježević, Laktac, Dabar, Vučipolje, Zasiok, Bitelić, Rumin, Hrvace, Satrić, Potravlje, Maljkovo, Otišić and Maovice. In the middle of the lake, there was an old Orthodox Dragović Monastery. Before the artificial lake for the hydroelectric power station at Peruća was created, the Dragović monastery was moved to a hill not far from the old fortress at Gradina.

Croatian War of Independence
Peruća Lake

The Peruća Dam was gravely damaged during the Croatian War of Independence, when on January 28, 1993, in the aftermath of Operation Maslenica, at 10:48 a.m., the dam was blown up in an intentional effort to destroy it by Serbian/Yugoslav army forces.[4] They mined it with 30 tons of explosive and detonated the charges with the intention of harming thousands of Croatian civilians downstream. The explosion caused heavy damage, but ultimately failed to demolish the dam. The Croatian communities in the Cetina valley (from Sinj to Omiš) were nevertheless in great danger of being flooded by water from Peruća lake.[5] The actions of the UNPROFOR officer Mark Nicholas Gray (Major in the British Royal Marines) prevented the disaster at the Dam because before the explosion he had raised the spillway channel and reduced the level of water in the lake by four meters.[6] This prevented total collapse of the dam and engineers were quickly able to maintain the integrity of the dam. Subsequently, the Croatian forces intervened and recovered the dam and the surrounding area.[7] On January 29, a small Croatian army team, supported by engineers previously employed in dam maintenance, verified that the main outlet valve could be accessed. It was accessible but stuck due to two years of neglect, loaded with 700 tons of hydrostatic pressure. The engineers then refilled the oil in the hydraulic pumps and used an UNPROFOR engine to restart them. This allowed for the lake to finally drain into Cetina, at a rate of 187 m3/s.[8]

In August 1993, HEP started to repair the dam. The works on the dam were completed some time after the war ended, in May 1996.[9]

In 2002, Colonel Gray was awarded the MBE[10] (although not for his actions at Peruća). In 2011, Croatian President Ivo Josipović decorated four Croatian soldiers for valor in combat at Peruća.[11] On 27 January 2013, the 20th anniversary of the HV recapture of the Peruća dam, Gray was awarded Order of Duke Domagoj by president Josipović.[12]

See also

Notes
  • Monster of Peruća lake is a snake Elaphe quatuorlineata (Croatian: Kravosas or dalmatinski udav), which can grow to more than 3 m in length. It appears rarely on the lake. Every 10 to 15 years there is an eyewitness who claims its existence. It is the biggest European snake.[13]

References
  1. Ostroški, Ljiljana, ed. (December 2015). "Geographical and meteorological data". Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 [Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015] (PDF). Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia (in Croatian and English). Vol. 47. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. p. 49. ISSN 1333-3305. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  2. Opća i nacionalna enciklopedija, vol 16, p. 31, ISBN 978-953-7224-16-5
  3. Mrla, Domagoj (2019-09-25). Analiza rada termoelektrane i hidroelektrane na Peruči (bachelor thesis) (in Croatian). University of Zagreb. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture. pp. 14–22.
  4. "Water Conflict Chronology" (PDF). Pacific Institute, Oakland, California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  5. James Gow (2003). The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries. p. 157. ISBN 9781850656463.
  6. Tom Wilkie (1995-09-16). "Unsung army officer saved 20,000 lives". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  7. "Petnaesta obljetnica operacije Peruča - Spriječena katastrofa". Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). Ministry of Defence (Croatia). February 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-01-09. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
  8. "Kako smo prije 16 godina spašavali Peruču". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 2009-01-28. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  9. Hrvatska elektroprivreda (2010-01-28). "Sedamnaest godina od oslobađanja brane Peruća". Strukovni sindikat. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  10. "Military honours: Royal Navy". BBC News. 2002-06-14. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  11. "Ivo Josipović na Peruči: Slučaj Purda treba nam biti dobra pouka". Večernji list (in Croatian). 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
  12. Slavica Vuković (27 January 2013). "Časnik Gray riskirao život, tajno pustio vodu i spasio dolinu Cetine" [Officer Gray risked his life secretly draining water and saving the Cetina River valley]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  13. "Čudovište iz Peruče". 21 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-27. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
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