Cadophora malorum

Cadophora malorum is a saprophytic plant pathogen that causes side rot in apple[3] and pear[4] and can also cause disease on asparagus[5] and kiwifruit.[6] C. malorum has been found parasitizing shrimp and other fungal species in the extreme environments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and can be categorized as a halophilic psychrotrophic fungus[7] and a marine fungus.[8]

Cadophora malorum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Helotiales
Family: Ploettnerulaceae
Genus: Cadophora
Species:
C. malorum
Binomial name
Cadophora malorum
(Kidd & Beaumont) W. Gams, (2000)[1]
Synonyms[2]

Phialophora malorum (Kidd & Beaumont) McColloch, (1944)
Sporotrichum carpogenum Ruehle, (1931)
Sporotrichum malorum Kidd & Beaumont, (1924)
Phialophora atra J.F.H.Beyma, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1942)
Torula heteroderae Jacz., Bull. (1934)
Phialophora heteroderae (J.F.H.Beyma) J.F.H.Beyma(1937)
Cadophora heteroderae J.F.H.Beyma (1937)

Taxonomy

Cadophora malorum was first described as Sporotrichum malorum in 1924 by Mary Nest Kidd and Albert Beaumont,[1][9] from a specimen collected on an apple tree in Britain,[10] but in 2000 was transferred to the genus, Cadophora, by Walter Gams, a German mycologist.[1] Extensive gene analysis has been done confirming the work of Walter Gams and categorizing C. malorum in the genus of Cadophora and distinguishing it from the previously named genus Phialophora.[11]

Description

C. malorum is classified as a part of the Ascomycota division, because of the presence of asci and ascospores in its sexual reproductive lifecycle. C. malorum also shares typical morphological qualities with the Leotiomycetes class, Helotiales order, and the Ploettnerulaceae family. The Capophora genus has also been shown to be classified as ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM fungi)[12] and as dark septate endophytes (DSE).[13]

Pathogenicity

C. malorum has been observed to infect pears during the post-harvest stage. C. malorum does not however infect pears until after some decay has already occurred.[4] The source of inoculum for C. malorum has been shown to be in the soil, where the spores can overwinter and survive all year round off of nutrients released into the soil from decaying fruit. C. malorum can infect wounded bark and cause cankers to form in the trunk of the infected tree.[4] C. malorum also can cause dieback in the leaves and fruit through wilting, yellowing, and necrosis of the plant. This has been known to happen on sunflower plants[14] and kiwi trees.[15]

Research has been conducted with isolation of C. malorum from shrimp[7] and other fungal species,[8] but research was not specific about how C. malorum infects organisms outside of the plantae kingdom. There is a lot of potential for further research in this area as it is rare for fungal species to be able to infect both plants and animals.[16]

Geographical Distribution

C. malorum has been documented to be found parasitizing organisms all over the globe, showing up in research done in Slovenia,[17] Russia,[14] Chile,[15] United States,[3] Germany,[18] Italy,[19] along with various other countries. C. malorum has also been found in moderate to extreme environments such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge[7] and Antarctica.[20]

Future research potential

Marine-derived fungi, like C. malorum, have been used to research biotechnological advances for a long time. Fungi have been used to create many modern products that are still used today, such as: dyes, flavors, fragrances, hallucinogens, poisons, and pesticides.[21]

Medical

Marine fungi produce valuable secondary metabolites that can lead to innovations in potential drug-therapies.[8] The secondary metabolites in C. malorum give an advantage for its own pathogenicity, but can also be used in developing beneficial pharmaceuticals, different food additives, and types of perfumes.[21]

Biotechnological

C. malorum was discovered to possess these secondary metabolites along with genes encoding for carbohydrate-active enzymes, signifying that these genes have been adapted to extreme environments and thus have high biotechnological potential.[8][7] C. malorum secondary metabolites can be used to develop various pesticides such as insecticides.[21] Using living organisms as a pest control mechanism has been proven to be a useful, environmentally conscious, and sustainable method rather than the typical chemicals used.[22]

References
  1. "Index Fungorum - Names Record - Cadophora malorum". www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  2. "Mycobank: Cadophora malorum". Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  3. McColloch, L. P. (1944). "A Study of the Apple Rot Fungus Phialophora malorum". Mycologia. 36 (6): 576–590. doi:10.2307/3754837. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3754837.
  4. Sugar, David (1992). "Sources of Inoculum ofPhialophora malorum,Causal Agent of Side Rot of Pear". Phytopathology. 82 (7): 735. doi:10.1094/phyto-82-735. ISSN 0031-949X.
  5. Frisullo, Salvatore (2002). "First report of Cadophora malorum on Asparagus officinalis in Italy". Phytopathologia Mediterranea.
  6. "U.S. National Fungus Collections Database :Hosts - Cadophora malorum". nt.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  7. Rédou, Vanessa; Kumar, Abhishek; Hainaut, Matthieu; Henrissat, Bernard; Record, Eric; Barbier, Georges; Burgaud, Gaëtan (25 August 2016). "Draft Genome Sequence of the Deep-Sea Ascomycetous Filamentous Fungus Cadophora malorum Mo12 from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Reveals Its Biotechnological Potential". Genome Announcements. 4 (4): e00467–16. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00467-16. ISSN 2169-8287. PMC 4939777. PMID 27389260.
  8. Almeida, Celso; Eguereva, Ekaterina; Kehraus, Stefan; Siering, Carsten; König, Gabriele M. (26 March 2010). "Hydroxylated Sclerosporin Derivatives from the Marine-Derived Fungus Cadophora malorum". Journal of Natural Products. 73 (3): 476–478. doi:10.1021/np900608d. ISSN 0163-3864. PMC 2846207. PMID 20052971.
  9. Kidd, M.N.; Beaumont, A. (1924). "Apple rot fungi in storage". Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 10 (1–2): 111. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(24)80008-6.
  10. "Index Fungorum - Names Record: Sporotrichum malorum". www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  11. Harrington, Thomas C. (2003). "Phylogenetc analysis places the Phialophora-like anamorph genus Cadophora in the Helotiales". Mycotaxon. 87.
  12. Smith, Sally E.; Read, David (2008), "Structure and development of ectomycorrhizal roots", Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, Elsevier, pp. 191–X, doi:10.1016/b978-012370526-6.50008-8, ISBN 9780123705266, retrieved 7 May 2022
  13. Poteri, Marja; Kasanen, Risto; Asiegbu, Fred O. (2021), "Mycobiome of forest tree nurseries", Forest Microbiology, Elsevier, pp. 305–325, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822542-4.00005-x, ISBN 9780128225424, S2CID 237967871, retrieved 7 May 2022
  14. Martín-Sanz, A.; Rueda, S.; García-Carneros, A. B.; Molinero-Ruiz, L. (April 2018). "Cadophora malorum : A New Pathogen of Sunflower Causing Wilting, Yellowing, and Leaf Necrosis in Russia". Plant Disease. 102 (4): 823. doi:10.1094/PDIS-08-17-1182-PDN. ISSN 0191-2917.
  15. Díaz, G. A.; Lolas, M.; Ferrada, E. E.; Latorre, B. A.; Zoffoli, J. P. (August 2016). "First Report of Cadophora malorum Associated With Cordon Dieback in Kiwi Plants in Chile". Plant Disease. 100 (8): 1776. doi:10.1094/PDIS-09-15-0986-PDN. ISSN 0191-2917.
  16. Sexton, Adrienne C.; Howlett, Barbara J. (2006). "Parallels in Fungal Pathogenesis on Plant and Animal Hosts". Eukaryotic Cell. 5 (12): 1941–1949. doi:10.1128/EC.00277-06. ISSN 1535-9778. PMC 1694825. PMID 17041185.
  17. "Cadophora malorum (Kidd & Beaumont) W. Gams 2000 - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  18. Camele, I.; Mang, S. M. (April 2019). "First Report of Seimatosporium vitis Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases on Vitis vinifera in Italy". Plant Disease. 103 (4): 771. doi:10.1094/pdis-09-18-1686-pdn. hdl:11563/136402. ISSN 0191-2917. S2CID 91614611.
  19. Spadaro, Davide; Pellegrino, Cristina; Garibaldi, Angelo; Gullino, Maria Lodovica (2011). "Development of SCAR primers for the detection of Cadophora luteo-olivacea on kiwifruit and pome fruit and of Cadophora malorum on pome fruit". Phytopathologia Mediterranea. 50 (3): 430–441. ISSN 0031-9465. JSTOR 26556464.
  20. Gonçalves, Vívian N.; Vaz, Aline B.M.; Rosa, Carlos A.; Rosa, Luiz H. (November 2012). "Diversity and distribution of fungal communities in lakes of Antarctica". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 82 (2): 459–471. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01424.x. PMID 22671312. S2CID 23997157.
  21. Wink, Michael (2000). Functions of Plant Secondary Metabolites and their Exploitation in Biotechnology. CRC Press. ISBN 1-84127-008-3. OCLC 475112520.
  22. Bamisile, Bamisope Steve; Akutse, Komivi Senyo; Siddiqui, Junaid Ali; Xu, Yijuan (30 September 2021). "Model Application of Entomopathogenic Fungi as Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides: Prospects, Challenges, and Insights for Next-Generation Sustainable Agriculture". Frontiers in Plant Science. 12: 741804. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.741804. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 8514871. PMID 34659310.
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