Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (previously known as Vibrio damsela) is a halophilic gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium.[2] Commonly found in marine environments, P.d. subsp. damselae can cause disease in many species marine wildlife and is an emerging threat in aquaculture. In humans Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae can cause severe infections.The type strain of Photobacterium damselae subsp damselae is ATCC 33539T.

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae
P. d. subsp damselae on blood agar
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Photobacterium
Species:
P. damselae
Subspecies:
P. d. subsp. damselae
Trinomial name
Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae
Smith et al. 1991 [1]
Synonyms
  • Vibrio damsela
  • Listonella damsela

Taxonomy

In 1971 a novel marine bacterium was isolated from patient with an infected wound.[3] The same organism was recovered in 1981 from the skin ulcers of a blacksmith damselfish and it was subsequently named Vibrio damselae after the fish from which it was first isolated.[4] It was briefly reclassified as Listonella damsela on the basis of 5sRNA sequencing.[5] The name Photobacterium damselae was proposed in 1991 when researchers found that the microbe shared several key phenotypic traits with members of the genus Photobacteria, namely the absence of a flagellar sheath and accummulation poly-β-hydroxybutyrate.[1] Further phylogenetic studies found that Photobacterium damselae shared 80% DNA relatedness with Pasteurella piscida suggesting that both strains belonged to the same species.[6] The two organisms were reclassified as Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscida respectively.

Pathogenicity

In humans

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae infections most commonly manifest as septicemia and soft tissue infections, especially when wounds are exposed to marine water.[3] Soft tissue infections can progress into severe disease such as necrotizing fasciitis over a matter of hours.[7][8]

In one case reported in 1996, a 64-year-old man reported to a hospital with a swollen red hand 14 hours after sustaining an injury while unhooking a salt water perch.[9] Despite extensive debridement and the initiation of empiric antibiotic therapy the man was later found response less in his room and. The man was pronounced deceased 36 hours after the initial injury.

In marine animals

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae has been isolated from numerous marine animals including bigeye trevally and rainbow trout.[10][11] In vitro studies have found that the bacterium can be transmitted through the water.[12]

References
  1. Smith, SK; Sutton, DC; Fuerst, JA; Reichelt, JL (October 1991). "Evaluation of the genus Listonella and reassignment of Listonella damsela (Love et al.) MacDonell and Colwell to the genus Photobacterium as Photobacterium damsela comb. nov. with an emended description". Int J Syst Bacteriol. 41 (4): 529–34. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-4-529. PMID 1742198. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  2. L, Serracca; C, Ercolini; I, Rossini; R, Battistini; Giorgi, I; Prearo, M (May 2011). "Occurrence of both subspecies of Photobacterium damselae in mullets collected in the river Magra (Italy)". Can J Microbiol. 57 (5): 437–40. doi:10.1139/w11-021. PMID 21529120.
  3. Morris Jr., JG; Wilson, R; Hollis, DG; Weaver, RE; Miller, HG; Tacket, CO; Hickman, FW; Blake, PA (5 June 1982). "Illness caused by Vibrio damsela and Vibrio hollisae". Lancet. 319 (8284): 1294–1297. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92853-7. PMID 6123029. S2CID 39701988.
  4. Love, M; Teebken-Fisher, D; Hose, JE; Farmer III, JJ; Hickman, FW; Fanning, Richard (4 December 1981). "Vibrio damsela, a Marine Bacterium, Causes Skin Ulcers on the Damselfish Chromis punctipinnis". Science. 214 (4525): 1139–1140. Bibcode:1981Sci...214.1139L. doi:10.1126/science.214.4525.1139. PMID 17755898. S2CID 37342075.
  5. MacDonell, M.T.; Colwell, RR (September 1985). "Phylogeny of the Vibrionaceae, and Recommendation for Two New Genera, Listonella and Shewanella". Syst Appl Microbiol. 6 (2): 171–82. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(85)80051-5.
  6. Gauthier, G; Lafay, B; Ruimy, R; Breittmayer, V; Nicolas, JL; Gauthier, M; Christen, R (1 January 1995). "Small-Subunit rRNA Sequences and Whole DNA Relatedness Concur for the Reassignment of Pasteurella piscida (Snieszko et al.) Hanssen and Surgalla to the Genus Photobacterium as Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscida comb. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45 (1): 139–144. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-1-139. PMID 7531996. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  7. Yuen, KY; Ma, L; Wong, SS; Ng, WF (1993). "Fatal necrotizing fasciitis due to Vibrio damsela". Scand J Infect Dis. 25 (5): 659–61. doi:10.3109/00365549309008557. PMID 8284652.
  8. Barber, GR; Swygert, JS (2000). "Necrotizing fasciitis due to Photobacterium damsela in a man lashed by a stingray". N. Engl. J. Med. 342 (11): 824. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003163421118. PMID 10722346.
  9. Fraser, SL; Purcell, BK; Delgado, B; Baker, AE; Whelen, AC (1 October 1997). "Rapidly Fatal Infection Due to Photobacterium (Vibrio) damsela". Clin. Infect. Dis. 25 (4): 935–936. doi:10.1086/597647. PMID 9356821. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  10. Y, Hassanzadeh; Bahador, N; Baseri-Salehi, M (June 2015). "First time isolation of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae from Caranx sexfasciatus in Persian Gulf, Iran". Iran J Microbiol. 7 (3): 178–184. PMC 4676989. PMID 26668707.
  11. Pedersen, K; Skall, HF; Lassen-Nielsen, AM; Bjerrum, L; Olesen, NJ (May 2009). "Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, an emerging pathogen in Danish rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), mariculture". J. Fish Dis. 32 (5): 465–72. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01041.x. PMID 19364386. S2CID 21601106.
  12. Fouz, B; Toranzo, AE; Milán, M; Amaro, C (March 2000). "Evidence that water transmits the disease caused by the fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae". J Appl Microbiol. 88 (3): 531–5. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00992.x. PMID 10747234. S2CID 30187907.
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