Piggly Wiggly

Piggly Wiggly was the first self-service grocery store.[5] It was founded on September 6, 1916[6] (although it did not open until five days later due to delays in construction),[7] at 79 Jefferson Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, by Clarence Saunders.[2] A replica of the original store has been constructed in the Memphis Pink Palace Museum and Planetarium, a mansion that Saunders built as his private residence, which was later sold to the city.

At the time of its founding, grocery stores did not allow customers to gather their goods. Instead, a customer would give a list of items to a clerk, who would then collect them throughout the store. This created greater costs and higher prices. Piggly Wiggly introduced the innovation of allowing customers to go through the store, gathering their goods, thus cutting costs and lowering prices.[2] Losses due to easier shoplifting were more than offset by profits from increased impulse purchasing. Others were initially experimenting with this format, which came to be known as a "groceteria", reminding people of cafeterias, another relatively new, self-service idea.[8]

Piggly Wiggly Corporation secured the self-service format and issued franchises to hundreds of grocery retailers to operate its stores. The concept of the "self-serving store" was patented[9] by Saunders in 1917. Customers at Piggly Wiggly entered the store through a turnstile and walked through four aisles to view the 605 items sold in packages and organized into departments. The customers selected merchandise as they continued through the maze to the cashier. Instantly, packaging and brand recognition became important to companies and consumers alike.[7]

In 1937, Piggly Wiggly became the first company to provide shopping carts for customers, in their Oklahoma branch;[10] they were also the first company to use point of sale lanes for payment.[11]

The success of Piggly Wiggly was phenomenal, and other independent and chain grocery stores changed to self-service in the 1920s and 1930s. At its peak in 1932, the company operated 2,660 stores and posted annual sales in excess of $180 million. In November 1922, Saunders attempted a squeeze on the substantial short interest in the stock, running the share price up from 40 to 120 and profiting by millions on paper. The Stock Exchange Governors responded by deciding that a corner had been established in Piggly Wiggly and removed the stock from the Board, eventually forcing Saunders to turn over his assets to the banks that had financed his leveraged position. Saunders reputedly lost $9 million in the attempted corner.[12]

Following these events, the company was divided into strategic units, which were sold to regional grocery chains, including Kroger, Safeway, National Tea, and Colonial.[13] In 1935, all 179 Canadian Piggly Wiggly were also sold to Canada Safeway, which merged with Sobeys in 2013.[14] Prior to this three stores in Texas where sold to the emerging H-E-B in 1927.[15]

After losing control of Piggly Wiggly, Saunders had no further association with the company. However, he remained interested in automated shopping, with which he experimented initially with the Keedoozle store until he died in 1953.[2]

According to John Brooks, Piggly Wiggly's "greatly changed corporate structure ... flourished into the 1960s", and hundreds of stores operated under a franchise agreement with the Piggly Wiggly Corporation of Jacksonville, Florida.[16]

Piggly Wiggly was acquired by the wholesale grocer Malone & Hyde in 1982.[17] Malone & Hyde was acquired by Fleming Companies in 1988.[18] Fleming filed for bankruptcy in 2003, and C&S Wholesale Grocers acquired most of the business, including Piggly Wiggly.[19][20] C&S acquired regional warehouses Piggly Wiggly Carolina in 2013 and Piggly Wiggly Midwest in 2021.[21][22]

There are more than 600 independently owned and operated stores in 18 states.[4] The company headquarters is located in Keene, New Hampshire.[2] Some of the stores in Alabama have formed Piggly Wiggly Alabama Distributing Company, a retailers' cooperative to manage distribution while using the Piggly Wiggly name.

• 
  Historical marker near the site of the first Piggly Wiggly store in Memphis, Tennessee
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  The original Piggly Wiggly Store, Memphis, Tennessee, 1918
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  A Piggly Wiggly store in Springhill, Louisiana, in August 2011

• Supermarkets in the United States
• Houchens Industries

• Mike Freeman, Clarence Saunders and the Founding of Piggly Wiggly: The Rise & Fall of a Memphis Maverick (2011, ISBN 9781625842077) on Google Books

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Piggly Wiggly.

• Official website
• Pink Palace Museum exhibit