Pleurophascum grandiglobum

Distribution of P. ovalifolium in New Zealand _{This picture was taken with consent from P. J. Dalton and his article A reconsideration of Pleurophascum (Musci: Pleurophascaceae) and specific status for a New Zealand endemic, Pleurophascum ovalifolium stat. et nom. nov.}

Following the initial discovery of P. grandiglobum by Lindberg in 1875, Pleurophascum was believed to be a monotypic genus restricted to Tasmania for approximately 75 years.[1] It contains three species, two, Pleurophascum grandiglobum and Pleurophascum occidentale, which are endemic to Australia and one, Pleurophascum ovalifolium, is only found on the west of the great Divide in South Island, New Zealand.[4] Brotherus (1924) placed the genus Pleurophascum in its own suborder Pleurophascineae within the Dicranales, highlighting its characteristic ecostate leaves, the lateral placement of its sex organs, and its large, spherical, and cleistocarpous capsules with immersed stomata.[1] In 1984, Vitt proposed to place Pleurophascum in a monotypic family Pleurophascaceae within the suborder Dicranineae while Buck and Goffinet (2000) suggested that it be placed within the Bryaceae or, possibly the Pottiaceae according to molecular and morphological studies.[1] The ordinal and familial allocation of genus Pleurophascum thus remains as one of Australasia’s bryological curiosities and is still open to debate, with molecular techniques and ontogenetic studies perhaps being the most suitable means of unlocking its mystery.[1]

Distribution of P. occidentale in Western Australia _{This picture was taken with consent from P. J. Dalton and his article A reconsideration of Pleurophascum (Musci: Pleurophascaceae) and specific status for a New Zealand endemic, Pleurophascum ovalifolium stat. et nom. nov.}

Closer lookup of P. grandiglobum _{This picture was taken by R. J. Wiltshire, who has kindly given consent to share this picture}

P. grandiglobum is a comose, medium-sized to robust moss with shoots that are approximately 10 mm tall, solitary or in loose colonies, bright yellow-green above and dark brown below .[3] The primary stem grows underground in a creeping fashion while sparse lateral branches and pale, smooth rhizoids grow from secondary branches.[1] Its on-decurrent, costaless leaves are deeply concave, blunt or apiculate, and crowded at stem apices, forming elongate comae in fertile plants.[1][3] Leaf margins are slightly recurved above or nearly to the leaf base and entire or with a few irregular teeth.[1] The perichaetia borne on lateral branches surrounds several archegonia mixed with uniseriate paraphyses, and upon fertilisation, swells to 5–7 mm long.[1] The perigonia is also scattered on short lateral branches found on secondary stems, enclosing up to 70 short antheridia and uniseriate paraphyses.[1] The large, globose capsule is unmistakable when present and is held suspended on a long setae 18–25 mm in length, with the capsule itself being 2.6-4.9 mm in diameter.[1] At the apex of the inoperculate capsule is a small apiculus which is the calyptra perched atop as a tiny beak .[3] At the base of the capsule there is an abundance of stomata present.[1] Capsules generally mature between spring to late-autumn, changing from pale green to orange and splitting open at the side to release smooth, oval spores 35-57 µm in diameter.[3] Its broad altitudinal range probably contributed to the extended fruiting period.[1] It is important to note that the capsules of P. grandiglobum are always globuse and never transition into a bright orange-red discoid as do the mature capsules of P. ovalifolium .[1]

Distribution of P. grandiglobum in Tasmania _{This picture was taken with consent from P. J. Dalton and his article A reconsideration of Pleurophascum (Musci: Pleurophascaceae) and specific status for a New Zealand endemic, Pleurophascum ovalifolium stat. et nom. nov.}

P. grandiglobum can be found throughout the west, southwest, and central highlands of Tasmania, extending up to the Neasey Plains in the northwest and down to Mt Esperance and Birch Inlet in the southeast.[1]

This spectacular, terrestrial moss is only known to inhabit the wet or boggy soils on the subalpine Tasmanian button-grass (Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus) moorlands, where sea level is around 1400 m.[1] In the southwest, the species seemingly favour peaty to gravelly quartzitic substrates while at higher elevations it often grows in wet flushes amongst other bryophytes (particularly Campylopus introflexus), or in boggy sedgelands dominated by Gleichenia alpina, Astelia alpina, and the Sprengelia incarnate.[1][5]

Despite being widespread in Tasmania, P. grandiglobum is endemic to the island and its global distribution may be an indication of poor dispersal mechanism.[1] Dalton and Jones frequently noted that its capsules were frequently grazed or eroded prior to maturity, and persisting, mature capsules between one summer and another are rare.[1][6] A wombat was proposed as a possible native grazer, though the exact herbivore and whether it affects the dispersal of the species remains to be resolved[6]

This family of moss is either comose or hoary and forms loose, yellow- or brown-green turves or cushions.[1] It has a creeping, subterranean primary stem with pale rhizoids and scale-like leaves while its glossy secondary stem is erect, laterally branched and usually amentaceous.[4] Its ecostate leaves are broadly elliptic to nearly cochleariform, strongly concave, appressed or erect-spreading, occasionally slightly decurrent; margins erect or narrowly recurved, entire or toothed, and are densely packed at stem apices.[1]

Pleurophascaceae is a dioecious moss with its perichaetia and gemmiform perigonia borne on short, lateral branches arising from the secondary stems, or in the case of P. occidentale, terminal on secondary stems.[1] In P. occidentale, the perichaetia is also overtopped by subtending innovation that may or may not expand after fertilisation.[1] The setae found within the genus are erect, smooth, elongate or very short, and serve to uphold the very large, inoperculate capsules that are globose, discoid or obovoid (depending on the species), and bluntly rostrate or rounded at the apex.[1] Stomata are either present or absent at the base of the cleistocarpous (Fife and Dalton, 2005). The calyptra is smooth, cucullate, and soon deciduous, releasing large, smooth spores[1][4]

_{Acknowledgement: Table 1 & 2 were abstracted from the journal article A reconsideration of Pleurophascum (Musci : Pleurophascaceae) and specific status for a New Zealand endemic, Pleurophascum ovalifolium stat. et nom. nov. with author P. J. Dalton's consent.}

• P. ovalifolium
• P. occidentale

• http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/Mosses_online/08_Pleurophasc.html
• http://bie.ala.org.au/species/d81b6765-2a69-4f5e-aba5-42d4603f71fa
• http://bie.ala.org.au/species/0e96f37a-20e5-4f5f-b556-4f358cec8230