Police jury

St. Helena Parish Police Jury and maintenance department

In Louisiana, the level of government between the city and state is the parish, comparable to the counties used by most US states.[1] The police jury handles the executive and legislative functions of the parish government. The parishes are divided into wards or districts, which each elect a "juror" to the assembly.[2] The assembly's size varies depending on the population, from three members in some rural parishes to over fifteen. The jurors elect a "police jury president" from among their members.[3] Like other elections in Louisiana, parish elections typically occur in odd-numbered years and use the open primary system.[3]

While originally narrow in scope and only holding powers delegated by the state, modern police juries have broad authority to take actions approved by the voters. According to the Police Jury Association of Louisiana, responsibilities include road maintenance, construction of prisons, waste disposal, bridge construction, fire protection, maintaining the courts plus other parish offices, promoting tourism, and regulating local businesses. They can also create ordinances and enforce them via fines in civil court.[3] To receive state funding, police juries are required to assign road maintenance to a centralized program to prevent conflicts of interest.[2] Police juries also administer state and federal programs at the local level.[1]

The police jury system was introduced when the area was the Territory of Orleans. Two years after the Louisiana Purchase,[1] the newly formed legislative council divided the territory into 12 counties. These counties proved unmanageable, and the legislature reverted to using the smaller Catholic parishes, defined in 1762 as "the farthest area that the priest could ride on horseback, within reason, to go to the outlying churches to conduct a mass once a month".[4]

In 1810, the office of sheriff was created for each parish, and the police jury was officially defined one year later.[4] The original format had the parish judge presiding over the police jury, but this was quickly replaced with a police jury president, elected by the jurors from among their members.[3] In 1813, the parishes were subdivided into wards each electing one juror.[4]

The Territory of Orleans had a different cultural background than other states and no experience with representative government.[1] The juries started with limited powers and an explicit mandate to maintain slavery.[3] Their role would grow to encompass over fifty government functions.[1] The 1974 State Constitution granted more autonomy to cities and parishes. This shifted from delegated authority where parishes could only do what was explicitly permitted, to "home rule" where the local government could do anything not explicitly prohibited.[2] Many parishes chose to transition away and drafted home rule charters, defining the structure, powers, and limits of their government.[2]

Map of Louisiana's 64 parishes

The police jury is the most common form of parish government in Louisiana.[5] Many parishes, especially those with large municipalities and suburban areas, have converted away from the system.[3] Twenty-six Louisiana parishes are governed by home rule charters that allow them to pick a different form of government.[5] These include council-president, council-manager, and consolidated parish/city.[3] Under a council-president system, voters elect an executive president and a legislative council separately. With the council-manager system, voters elect a parish council, which hires a professional manager to run the day-to-day government. A consolidated government combines the parish with the local city government, and voters typically elect a separate council and executive.[2] For example, since 1949 the state's capital city and its containing parish have used a consolidated government headed by a mayor-president.[6][7]

^Sources: [5][3][2]

• County commission
• County council