Politics of the United States Virgin Islands

Politics of the United States Virgin Islands takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic dependency, whereby the Governor is the head of the territory's government, and of a multi-party system. United States Virgin Islands are an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States, administered by the Office of Insular Affairs of the United States Department of the Interior. Executive power is exercised by the local government of the Virgin Islands. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Politics of the United States Virgin Islands
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Elections
Divisions
Federal relations

Virgin Islands residents are U.S. citizens but the territory has no electoral votes to cast for the president or vice president of the U.S. The territory participates in the nominating processes (caucuses).[1] Citizens cannot elect voting members of Congress. However, in the U.S. House of Representatives, they are represented by a delegate, who can vote in congressional committees but not in the House itself. Such delegates can speak on the U.S. House floor, introduce bills and offer amendments but cannot vote during business as the Committee as the Whole or on final passage of legislation. The USVI has been allowed to have non-voting representation since 1972.

Federal representation

Virgin Islands residents can vote fully in all elections if they become a resident of one of the 50 U.S. states. If residents of one of the 50 states become residents of the Virgin Islands, they can no longer vote for President or for voting members of Congress.[2]

The voting rights of Virgin Islanders have been the subject of litigation. A federal lawsuit was filed in 2011 in the District Court of the Virgin Islands and was subsequently appealed to the Washington, D.C., Circuit Court of Appeals,[3] to provide Virgin Islanders with the fundamental right to be represented in Congress and vote for U.S. President.[4] A similar lawsuit was filed in 2020.[2]

Law

The Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of 1954[5] is the current Organic Act defining the government of the United States Virgin Islands, which were acquired by the United States through the Treaty of the Danish West Indies of 1916. It replaced the Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of 1936[6] and earlier temporary provisions.[7][8]

The Virgin Islands Elective Governor Act[9] made the Governor an elected office.[10][11] Further amendments in 1984 removed the right to indictment for certain crimes and the jurisdiction of the admiralty courts.[12]

There have been several attempts at a constitution. The most recent attempt was the Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands which passed a proposed constitution in May 2009 but was rejected by Congress in June 2010.

Executive branch
See also: List of United States Virgin Islands Governors
Main office-holders
Office Name Party Since
President of the United States Joe Biden Democratic 20 January 2021
Governor Albert Bryan Democratic 7 January 2019
Lieutenant Governor Tregenza Roach Democratic 7 January 2019

The governor and the lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms.[13]

Legislative branch

The Virgin Islands's territorial legislature is the 15-member Legislature of the Virgin Islands. The body is unicameral and comprises seven Senators from the district of Saint Croix, seven Senators from the district of Saint Thomas and Saint John, and one Senator at-large (who must be a resident of Saint John). They are elected for a two-year term to the territorial legislature. There is no limit as to the number of terms they can serve.[14]

Political parties and elections
For other political parties, see List of political parties in the U.S. Virgin Islands. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Judicial branch

The U.S. Virgin Islands has a District Court, a Supreme Court and a Superior Court.

Judges on the District Court are appointed by the President for ten year terms, subject to Senate confirmation. They may serve more than one term. This is a federal court, established in 1936, with jurisdiction over the US Virgin Islands, with diversity jurisdiction and bankruptcy jurisdiction. Appeals of this court's decisions are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. One courthouse is located in Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, and one is in Christiansted, St. Croix.[15]

Judges of the USVI Supreme Court and Superior Court are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the legislative body.

Administrative divisions

The US Virgin Islands have no local governments, the Census Bureau divides them into three county equivalents: Saint Croix, Saint John, and Saint Thomas.[16]

References
  1. "Presidential election in the U.S. Virgin Islands, 2016". Ballotpedia. Ballotpedia. July 1, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  2. "Federal voting rights lawsuit filed by residents of Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands". USA Today. 2020-10-09.
  3. ALDETH LEWIN (Daily News Staff). "Conference, lawsuit focus on citizenship rights for residents of U.S. territories". virginislandsdailynews.com.
  4. Michael Todd (Daily News Staff). "V.I. attorney waging battle to gain federal vote for USVI". Virgin Islands Daily News. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05.
  5. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 83–517, 68 Stat. 497, enacted July 22, 1954
  6. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 74–749, 49 Stat. 1807, enacted June 22, 1936
  7. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 64–389, 39 Stat. 1132, enacted March 3, 1917
  8. Dookhan, Isaac (1994). A History of the Virgin Islands of the United States. Canoe Press. p. 290. ISBN 9789768125057.
  9. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 90–496, 82 Stat. 837, enacted August 23, 1968
  10. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 98–213, 97 Stat. 1459, enacted December 8, 1983
  11. Dookhan 1994, p. 293.
  12. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 98–454 Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 98–454, 98 Stat. 1732, enacted October 5, 1984
  13. 48 U.S.C. § 1591.
  14. "Legislature of the Virgin Islands". Ballotpedia. Ballotpedia. July 1, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  15. "District Court of the Virgin Islands". Ballotpedia. Ballotpedia. July 1, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  16. "Puerto Rico and the Outlying Areas" (PDF). Geographic Areas Reference Manual. Bureau of the Census. 1994. p. 7-40. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
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