Porcelain Tower of Nanjing

The Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, part of the former Great Bao'en Temple, is a historical site located on the south bank of external Qinhuai River in Nanjing, China. It was a pagoda constructed in the 15th century during the Ming dynasty, but was mostly destroyed in the 19th century during the course of the Taiping Rebellion. A modern, full-size replica of it now exists in Nanjing.[1]

Porcelain Tower of Nanjing
Reconstructed Porcelain Tower
Chinese琉璃塔
Literal meaning"Veruliyam-Glazed Pagoda"
Great Bao'en Temple
Traditional Chinese大報恩寺
Simplified Chinese大报恩寺
Literal meaning"Great Temple of Repaying Kindness"

In 2010, Wang Jianlin, a Chinese businessman donated a billion yuan (US$156 million) to the city of Nanjing for its reconstruction. This is reported to be the largest single personal donation ever made in China.[2] In December 2015, the modern replica and surrounding park were opened to the public.[3][4]

History
The original blocks of the Nanjing Tower's arched door, now pieced back together and on display at the Nanjing Museum

The Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, originally called the Great Bao'en Temple, was designed during the reign of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424); its construction began in the early 15th century. On 25 March 1428, the Xuande Emperor ordered Zheng He and others to supervise the rebuilding and repair of the temple.[5]The construction of the temple was completed in 1431.[6]

It was first discovered by the Western world when European travelers like Johan Nieuhof visited it,[7] sometimes listing it as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. After this exposure to the outside world, the tower was seen as a national treasure by both locals and other cultures around the world.

In 1801, the tower was struck by lightning and the top four stories were knocked off, but it was soon restored. The 1843 book, The Closing Events of the Campaign in China by Granville Gower Loch, contains a detailed description of the tower as it existed in the early 1840s. In the 1850s, the area surrounding the tower erupted in civil war as the Taiping Rebellion reached Nanjing and the rebels took over the city. They smashed the Buddhist images and destroyed the inner staircase to deny the Qing enemy an observation platform. American sailors reached the city in May 1854 and visited the hollowed tower. In 1856, the Taiping razed the tower to the ground either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city[8] or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties.[9] After this, the tower's remnants were salvaged for use in other buildings, while the site lay dormant until later rebuilding.

Description
The original blocks of the Nanjing Tower's arched door, now pieced back together and on display at the Nanjing Museum

The tower was octagonal, with a base of about 30 metres (98 ft) in diameter. When it was built, the tower was one of the largest buildings in China, rising up to a height of 79 metres (259 ft) with nine stories and a staircase in the middle of the pagoda, which spiraled upwards for 184 steps. The top of the roof was marked by a golden pineapple. There were original plans to add more stories, according to an American missionary who in 1852 visited Nanjing. There are only a few Chinese pagodas that surpass its height, such as the still-existent 84-metre-tall (276 ft), eleventh-century Liaodi Pagoda in Hebei or the no-longer-existent 100-metre-tall (330 ft), seventh-century wooden pagoda of Chang'an.

The tower was built with white porcelain bricks that were said to reflect the sun's rays during the day, and at night as many as 140 lamps were hung from the building to illuminate the tower. Glazes and stoneware were worked into the porcelain and created a mixture of green, yellow, brown and white designs on the sides of the tower, including animals, flowers and landscapes. The tower was also decorated with numerous Buddhist images.

Fragments of the original tower may exist in the Calcutta Museum, presented by the Geological Survey of India, 7 August 1877.[10] A small fragment belongs to the Georgia Historical Society in Savannah, Georgia.

References
  1. "Nanjing pagoda - Seven wonders of the medieval world". unmuseum.org. U.N.Museum. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  2. "Wanda chairman makes largest donation in China's history". People's Daily. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  3. Yu, Elaine (2016-09-16). "Nanjing's Porcelain Tower: Ancient 'world wonder' brought back to life". CNN. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
  4. "Thousand-year Porcelain Tower of Nanjing completes renovation". People's Daily. 2015-12-15. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
  5. Dreyer, Edward L. (2007). Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433. New York: Pearson Longman. p. 142. ISBN 9780321084439..
  6. Dreyer, Edward L. (2007). Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433. New York: Pearson Longman. pp. 135 & 144. ISBN 9780321084439..
  7. Digital Library for the Decorative Arts and Material Culture
  8. Jonathan D. Spence. God's Chinese Son, New York 1996
  9. Williams, S. Wells. The Middle Kingdom: a Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts, & History of the Chinese Empire & its Inhabitants, Vol. 1. Scribner (New York), 1904.
  10. John Anderson, Catalogue and Handbook of the Archaeological Collections in the Indian Museum, Part II: Gupta and Inscription Galleries. Buddhist, Jain, Brahmanical, and Muhammadan Sculptures; Metal Weapons, objects from Tumuli, &c. (printed by order of the Trustees, Calcutta, 1883) p.479.
  11. Original Porcelain Tower reconstitution exposed in the Nanjing Museum.
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