Postal address verification

Postal address verification (also known as address , address validation, address verification and CASS certification[1]) is the process used to check the validity and deliverability of a physical mailing address. According to the United States Postal Service, an address is valid (or mailable) if it is CASS-certified, meaning that it exists within the comprehensive list of mailable addresses in their Address Management System. This is different from the credit card Address Verification System (AVS), which is the method used by credit card processors to authenticate ownership of a credit card by verifying that the account on the credit card matches the billing address on file. Credit card AVS does not determine deliverability of an address.

Standardization

Before an address can be certified as deliverable (CASS-certified), it must first be standardized. Standardization converts an address into a standard format by correcting the address, if possible, and adding missing information, such as a ZIP code, to produce a complete address containing a street address, city, state, and ZIP code.

The following methods are used to achieve the most accurate address possible:

Abbreviation

USPS approved abbreviations [2] are used whenever possible to clarify and shorten the address.

  • Example: The term avenue may commonly be abbreviated AV, AVEN, or AVN or fully spelled out as avenue. The standardized form is AVE.[3] Similarly, Square is commonly abbreviated SQRE, SQR, or SQU, while the standardized form is "SQ".

Spelling correction

Because a misspelling usually results in an undeliverable address, commonly misspelled words are corrected. These are typically city names and street names. Due to the large number of possible misspellings, not all of them can be accurately detected and corrected.

  • Example: The street address 1600 ampytheatre parkways is corrected to 1600 Amphitheatre PKWY. The spelling of the city name as "pheonix" is corrected to "Phoenix".

Uniform city names

Many cities have several different, commonly used names. Each ZIP Code in the Address Management System has one preferred city name and may have one or more acceptable city names.

CASS-certified software accepts as standard any "preferred" or "acceptable" city for a five-digit ZIP Code. Only a city that is "preferred" or "acceptable" is recognized as standard. These systems attempt to correct incorrect city names and any that cannot be corrected are rejected.[4]

  • Examples: "New York City", "Empire State", "Greeley Square" and "Manhattan" in ZIP Code 10001 is standardized to "New York". Meanwhile, the "preferred" city of "Floral Park" or either of the "acceptable" cities of "Bellerose Village" or "South Floral Park" is accepted as standard for use in ZIP Code 11001.[5]

Completion

An address must be complete in order to be valid. This means that it must have a street, city, state and ZIP code. Whenever possible, addresses that are incomplete have the missing information added.

If a valid ZIP code is provided but the city and state are missing, the city and state names are added.

  • Example: "1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy 94043" is expanded to "1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy Mountain View CA 94043"

If valid names for city and state are provided but the ZIP code is missing, the ZIP code is added.

    Example: Dethaw Cotman Jr 2117 R Street SE corner 22st. Washington DC 20020

    Delivery Point Validation

    Delivery Point Validation (DPV) provides the highest level of address accuracy checking. In a DPV process, the address is checked against the USPS Address Management System (AMS) data file to ensure that it exists as an active delivery point.[6] The USPS does not offer DPV validation on their website however there are companies that offer services to perform DPV verification and are certified by the USPS see also CASS Certification.[7]

    The standardized address is then compared against the entire list of valid addresses in the Address Management System to determine if it is a valid address. Address validity is based on many different factors, including address renumbering (via the USPS Locatable Address Conversion System) and address completeness. If an exact match is not found, an acceptable alternative is used (if available).

    • Example: 123 North Main Street, New York, NY 10010 is an apartment building with 100 apartments in it. If an apartment number is not specified, the default address (lobby) is used for delivery.

    If the address is valid, it is assigned a ZIP+4 code something like this: 12344-5678, where the first five digits are the ZIP code and the trailing four digits are the delivery range. An address with a ZIP+4 code (or nine-digit ZIP code) is considered to be valid. In most cases, this means that the address is deliverable. However, if the USPS has the address listed as "VACANT", it is not delivered, even though the address is valid.

    • Note: An address can still be valid (but not deliverable by the USPS) if it is a remote location and only served by private carrier such as UPS or Fedex.

    Benefits
    • Verify and correct addresses BEFORE mailing
    • Correct addresses in a list
    • Remove duplicated addresses from a list based on the standardized address
    • Qualify for USPS bulk mailing discounts[8]
    • Minimize delivery delays by only using valid addresses

    Providers

    The USPS offers address verification directly on their website.[9] Addresses are processed one at a time by typing the address into the provided fields. The USPS also licenses their services to third-party companies that provide the CASS certification in bulk.[10][11] These third-party providers typically allow processing of address lists in CSV or Excel format. They may also provide an API allowing the use of address verification services from within a program or website.

    In the UK, the Royal Mail[12] provides address verification directly on their site and also licence their data to third-party providers to allow address checking services to be provided to organizations wishing to capture accurate addresses in their ecommerce checkout and online forms.[13]

    References
    1. "CASS Certification Requirements | A Mailer's Guide" (PDF). 2007–2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
    2. "Mailing Standards of the United States Postal Service, Publication 28 – Postal Addressing Standards". Retrieved 2 February 2014.
    3. "USPS Publication 28, Appendix C1: Street Suffix Abbreviations". Retrieved 2 February 2014.
    4. United States Postal Service Domestic Mail Manual 602 Addressing. Retrieved 21 September 2012
    5. United States Postal Service "ZIP Code Lookup" Look Up a ZIP Code. Retrieved 21 September 2012
    6. "2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations". USPS. Retrieved 9 September 2016. 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations
    7. "CASS software certification program provides hardware and software developers, service bureaus, and commercial mailers a common measure by which to test the quality of address-matching software". USPS. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
    8. USPS – Welcome to Business Mail 101
    9. USPS – ZIP Code Lookup – Search By Address
    10. "Coding Accuracy Support System; Software Manufacturers". United States Postal Service. 5 January 2017. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017.
    11. "Certified Full-Service Vendor Detailed List | PostalPro". United States Postal Service. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
    12. "Postcode and Address Finder | Royal Mail Group Ltd". www.royalmail.com. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
    13. "| Search Results | Powered By Paf". www.poweredbypaf.com. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
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