Powdery mildew

Powdery mildew does not need a vector to spread. Spores are usually carried by air currents from a proliferation site to a new infection site.

You can look for powdery mildew resistant varieties in seed catalogs and alternate between resistance varieties and not. This rotation of sunflower varieties prevents pathogen resistance.

Reduce humidity by allowing space between plants for airflow and pruning to thin foliage[6]

Standard fungicides are an effective way to manage powdery mildew disease on plants.[7] Spray programs of conventional fungicides are advised to begin when powdery mildew symptoms and signs are first noticed.[8] Conventional fungicides should be applied on a regular basis for best results against the disease.[8]

Control is possible with triadimefon and propiconazole. It is also possible with hexaconazole, myclobutanil, and penconazole.[7]

There are some unconventional chemical control methods that offer alternative modes of action. [1]

The most effective non-conventional methods of chemical control against powdery mildew are milk, natural sulfur (S₈), potassium bicarbonate, metal salts, and oils.[9]

Powdery mildew on a maple leaf as seen under a scanning electron microscope

Metal salt fungicides should be applied on a regular basis up until harvest of the host.[9] Sulfur must be applied before the disease has emerged since it prevents fungi spores from germinating.[10] Copper sulfate is an effective fungicide allowed in organic farming, but can cause harm to the host plant. Addition of lime hampers this effect.[10]

Neem oil effectively manages powdery mildew on many plants by interfering with the fungus' metabolism and terminating spore production.[10] Sulfur and Fish Oil + Sesame Oil is a mixture effective against powdery mildew.[1]

Milk has long been popular with home gardeners and small-scale organic growers as a treatment for powdery mildew. Milk is diluted with water (typically 1:10) and sprayed on susceptible plants at the first sign of infection, or as a preventative measure, with repeated weekly application often controlling or eliminating the disease. Studies have shown milk's effectiveness as comparable to some conventional fungicides,[11] and better than benomyl and fenarimol at higher concentrations.[12] Milk has proven effective in treating powdery mildew of summer squash,[12] pumpkins,[11] grapes,[13] and roses.[13] The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but one known effect is that ferroglobulin, a protein in whey, produces oxygen radicals when exposed to sunlight, and contact with these radicals is damaging to the fungus.[13]

Dilute sprays containing sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and vegetable or mineral oils in water are often recommended for controlling powdery mildew, but such mixtures have limited and inconsistent efficacy.[14] While sodium bicarbonate has been shown to reduce to growth of mildews in lab tests, sprays containing only baking soda and water are not effective in controlling fungal diseases on infected plants, and high concentrations of sodium are harmful to plants.[14]

Potassium bicarbonate is an effective low-toxicity fungicide against powdery mildew and apple scab.[15][16][17][18]

Another non-conventional chemical treatment involves treating with a solution of calcium silicate. Silicon helps the plant cells defend against fungal attack by degrading haustoria and by producing callose and papilla. With silicon treatment, epidermal cells of wheat are less susceptible to powdery mildew.[19]

The Pm3 allele is an effective genetic resistance strategy that protects host species against powdery mildew fungus.[20]

In 2014, researchers Yanpeng Wang et al. have reported that they were able to induce resistance in hexaploid bread wheat to powdery mildew via targeted mutations with the use of CRISPR and TALENS gene-editing technology.[21]

Sunflower powdery mildew is a disease caused by the pathogens Golovinomyces cichoracearum, Podosphaera xanthii, and Leveillula taurica. The symptoms caused by L. taurica differ from the other pathogen symptoms. Green-yellow spots appear on upper leaf surface.[22]

Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, causes powdery mildew of wheat, whereas f. sp. hordei causes powdery mildew of barley.

Legumes, such as soybeans, are affected by Microsphaera diffusa.[23]

Powdery mildew on Soybean leaves.

Powdery mildew of grape

Erysiphe necator (or Uncinula necator) causes powdery mildew of grapes.

The fungus causing powdery mildew of onions is Leveillula taurica (also known by its anamorph name, Oidiopsis taurica). It also infects the artichoke.

Podosphaera leucotricha is a fungus that can cause powdery mildew of apples and pears.

Powdery mildew of cucurbits

Multiple species of fungus can cause powdery mildew of cucurbits: cucumbers, squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, melons, and watermelons.

Spores of powdery mildew on cucumber leaf seen through Foldscope

Section of leaf of cucumber showing powdery mildew infection, photo taken with Foldscope

Podosphaera xanthii (a.k.a. Sphaerotheca fuliginea) is the most commonly reported cause on cucurbits.[24] Erysiphe cichoracearum was formerly reported to be the primary causal organism throughout most of the world.[24][25]

Since 1925, commercial Cucumis melo (cantaloup and muskmelon) production has been engaged in a biological "arms race" against cucurbit powdery mildew (CPM) caused by the fungus Podosphaera xanthii, with new cultivars of melons being developed for resistance to successively arising races of the fungus, identified simply as race 1, race 2, etc. (seven in total by 2004), for races found around the world, and race N1 through N4 for some divergent races native to Japan.[26] Various subraces have been identified, and given names such as race 2U.S., race 3.5, and race 4.5.[27] A new race S was discovered in 2003, and a specific melon cultivar (C. melo var. acidulus 'PI 313970') found resistant to it, then used for backcrossing to increase resistance in other cultivars.[27] Such modern selective breeding of plants for phytopathological resistance to particular fungal races involves a great deal of genetic research; this PI 313970 versus race S case involved multi-stage hybridization to propagate a recessive gene, pm-S in successive generations, and how this may affect other recessive and codominant genes for resistance to other races of P. xanthii "remains to be determined".[27]

A 2004 literature review regarding powdery mildew races that parasitize various cucurbit plants concluded that "race identification is important for basic research and is especially important for the commercial seed industry, which requires accuracy in declaring the type and level of resistance ... in its products". However, identifying specific races was seen as having little utility in horticulture for choosing specific cultivars, because of the rapidity with which the local pathogen population can change geographically, seasonally, and by host plant.[26]

At least three other Erysiphaceae fungi can cause powdery mildew in cucurbits: The most frequent, after P. xanthii, is Erysiphe cichoracearum, the former primary causal organism throughout most of the world.[24][25] Podosphaera fusca is another, sometimes considered synonymous with P. xanthii.[28] Cucumbers in greenhouse environments have also been reported to be susceptible to Leveillula taurica.[29]

Microsphaera syringae is a fungus that can cause powdery mildew in lilac.[30]

Podosphaera aphanis is the cause of powdery mildew in strawberries and other Rosaceae like Geum rivale (the water avens).

Sawadaea tulasnei is a fungus that causes powdery mildew on tree leaves. This fungus attacks the leaves of the Acer platanoides (Norway maple) in North America, Great Britain, and Ireland, Acer palmatum (also known as the Japanese maple or smooth Japanese maple).[31]

Erysiphe berberidis is a fungus that causes powdery mildew on Oregon grape leaves. [32]

Golovinomyces orontii causes powdery mildew on Arabidopsis (rockcress) leaves.

Caused by several fungi including Golovinomyces ambrosiae (syn. G. spadiceus) and Podosphaera macularis.[33] See also List of hemp diseases § Powdery mildew.