Prairie warbler

The prairie warbler (Setophaga discolor) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.

Prairie warbler
Male S. d. paludicola
Jamaica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Setophaga
Species:
S. discolor
Binomial name
Setophaga discolor
(Vieillot, 1809)
Range of S. discolor
  Breeding range
  Winter range
Synonyms
  • Dendroica discolor

Description

These birds have yellow underparts with dark streaks on the flanks, and olive overparts with rusty streaks on the back; they have a yellow line above the eye, a dark line through it, and a yellow spot below it. These birds have black legs, long tails, two pale wing bars, and thin pointed bills. Coloring is duller in female and immatures.

Measurements
Standard Measurements[2][3]
length4.3–5.2 in (110–130 mm)
weight7.7 g (0.27 oz)
wingspan7 in (180 mm)
wing54.4–58.2 mm (2.14–2.29 in)
tail47.5–50.5 mm (1.87–1.99 in)
culmen9–10.2 mm (0.35–0.40 in)
tarsus17–19 mm (0.67–0.75 in)

Vocalizations

Prairie warblers have two categories of songs, referred to as Type A and Type B. Type A songs are typically a series of ascending buzzy notes. The B songs are an ascending series of whistled notes that often contain some buzzy notes. Compared to A songs, the B songs are lower in pitch, have fewer, longer notes. The total song length is longer as well in Type B songs. The use of these two song categories is associated with certain contexts. A songs are sung throughout the day when males first arrive on their breeding grounds. Once males are paired they begin to sing B songs during the dawn chorus and then will intersperse A songs in their singing during the rest of the day. During this later period of singing A songs are typically used near females, near the nest, and in the center of their territories. In contrast B songs are used when interacting or fighting with other males and near the borders of their territories.

Part of their call note repertoire is a tsip call. During dawn, chorus B songs are interspersed with rapid loud "check" calls.

Distribution and habitat

These birds are permanent residents in the southern parts of their range. Other birds migrate to north-eastern Mexico and islands in the Caribbean.

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

Their breeding habitats are brushy areas and forest edges in eastern North America. The prairie warbler's nests are open cups, which are usually placed in a low area of a tree or shrub. Incubation period is 12 to 13 days.[2]

Feeding

Prairie warblers forage actively on tree branches, and sometimes fly around with the purpose of catching insects, which are the main food source of these birds.

Behaviour

These birds wag their tails frequently.

Status

The numbers of these birds are declining due to habitat loss; this species also suffers from nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird.

References
  1. BirdLife International (2016). "Setophaga discolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22721725A94726026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22721725A94726026.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 339.
  3. Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 440. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
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