Protection of Wrecks Act 1973

It is a criminal offence to interfere with a wreck designated under section 1 of the act without a licence. Navigation, angling and bathing are permitted provided this will not interfere with the wreck. A licence is required to dive at the wreck site. Separate licences are required for any disturbance, such as recovery of artifacts or underwater excavation. Licences to survey, visit etc. can be obtained by applying online to Historic England,[1] to Cadw,[2] and Historic Scotland.[3]

Anchoring on the wreck site is also not permitted except in accordance with licensed activities. The area designated may extend beyond the visible remains.

Designation and licensing under section 1 of the act is managed by Historic England, Cadw and Historic Scotland.

The first wreck to be designated was the Cattewater Wreck at Plymouth, in 1973. As of July 2007 there were 60 wreck sites under current protection under section 1 of the act. Two sites that had at some point been designated have subsequently been revoked.

All protected wrecks are listed in the annual Admiralty Notices to Mariners[4] and are marked on United Kingdom Hydrographic Office charts. A statutory instrument shows the location of the site and also the extent of the restricted protected area. This is often done using a buoy, (usually yellow and inscribed 'Protected Wreck') although sites that are close to the shore may have notices on land which not only serve to warn, but often also describe why the wreck is important (e.g. on the National Trust path at the Salcombe Moor Sand / Salcombe Cannon site).

Despite this, criminal damage to protected wrecks is reported frequently. Artefacts from the site of the British warship HMS Coronation, off Penlee Point, were allegedly stolen in 2011,[5] and arrests were made in April 2011 over thefts from the warship HMS London.[6]

As of July 2008, only two wrecks are designated as dangerous under section 2 of the act. These are the SS Richard Montgomery (designated in 1973), and the SS Castilian (designated in 1997), in both cases due to containing large amounts of explosives. The MV Braer was also protected from 1993, until the order was revoked in 1994. Designation provides for an exclusion zone for all activities around the wreck. Diving is strictly prohibited on these dangerous wrecks. Designation and control under section 2 of the act is managed by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency.

A number of wreck sites have been protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as maritime scheduled monuments. These are:

• The remains of the scuttled German High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow
• The remains of eight historic fishing vessels in Aberlady Bay
• The Louisa, at Grangetown, Cardiff
• HMS D1, near Dartmouth, Devon

All wrecked aircraft and a number of designated military shipwrecks are protected as military maritime graves, i.e. war graves under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. This is administered by the UK Ministry of Defence.[7] Maritime sites other than wrecks, such as fish traps, may also be protected by scheduling.

As of 2011, there were 61 historic protected wreck sites designated in the UK, although this is only a tiny fragment of the wrecks that are known to exist. There are 46 in English and Welsh waters[8] and fifteen in Scottish waters – eight of these are designated under the 1973 Act, whilst the remains of the German High Seas Fleet are protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.[9]

There is a searchable list of all protected wreck sites in England available online using the National Heritage List for England.[10] A map of the sites in Scotland is available through Historic Scotland, whilst Cadw has a list on its website.

On 7 July 1977 the legislature of the overseas territory of the Falkland Islands passed an ordinance similar to the UK Protection of Wrecks Act, allowing for the protection of wrecks in colonial waters that are either of historical, archaeological or artistic importance (section 3), or are dangerous (section 4). On 20 October 1983, an order was passed under the ordinance, designating the areas around the wrecks of HMS Ardent and HMS Antelope, lying in Falkland Sound and San Carlos Water, respectively as prohibited places under section 4. On 3 November 2006, an order came into force to designate the area around the wreck of HMS Coventry as a restricted area. These three ships had been sunk during the Falklands War.

• Archaeology of shipwrecks
• Maritime archaeology
• Wreck diving

• Maritime and Coastguard website information on protected wrecks
• English Heritage Protected Wrecks website information about the protection of wrecks and application for licences in England
• English Heritage Maritime Archaeology Publications for ACHWS annual reports, guidance on historic wrecks and other relevant material
• Cadw website information about the protection of wrecks and other maritime sites in Wales
• Martin, Colin (2004), "Close Encounters of a Licensed Kind", in The Advisory Committee for Historic Wreck Sites Annual Report for 2004, pp16–19. This article provides a description of the working of the Act.
• Fenwick, Valerie and Gale, Alison (1998), Historic Shipwrecks, Discovered, Protected and Investigated, Tempus Publishing Limited, ISBN 0-7524-1473-9. This book describes the 47 wrecks designated in the first 25 years of the Act.
• "Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Annual Report 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 26 August 2007.
• "Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Annual Report 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 19 July 2008.
• Protection of Wrecks Ordinance 1977 (No. 12) 7 July 1977 (Falkland Islands)
• Protection of Wrecks (Ardent and Antelope Designation) Order 1983 (No. 2) 20 October 1983 (Falkland Islands)
• Protection of Wrecks (Designation) Order 2006 (no. 24) 23 October 2006 (Falkland Islands)

• The National Heritage List for England
• Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck sites (ACHWS)
• Text of the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.