Protel

Most global and all local variables are declared using the DECL reserved word.

• DECL myvar INT;

Variables can be initialized using INIT keyword.

• DECL myvar INT INIT 42;

Constants use IS keyword, hexadecimal uses #.

• DECL myconst INT IS #F00D;

Global variables can also use PROTECTED, or PRIVATE declarations to define write protected data or thread local data respectively. Writes to protected data requires the use of builtin primitives that alter protected data in a safe way. Protected data survives all restarts short of a system image reload.

• PROTECTED myprotdata INT;
• write_protected_store( myprotdata, value );

Note WRITE_PROTECTED_STORE arguments are type agnostic as long as the types of both arguments match.

PRIVATE provides a private copy of the data for each process that uses it. There is no COW functionality, each process is allocated its own copy and optionally initializes it at creation.

• PRIVATE myprivatedata INT;

Note Local variables defined using DECL are naturally private.

Gazinta is the colloquial name used for the assignment operator '->'. Its name comes from 'goes into' meaning expression gazinta (goes into) variable. Expressions are evaluated in strict left to right order with no operator precedence. Lack of operator precedence is a legacy of the NT40 processor which used a stack based ALU using RPN logic. Parentheses are used to prioritize subexpressions.

• expression -> myvar;

The pointer operator is @ and is placed after the ptr. A NULL pointer is a predefined value that is guaranteed not to point to a mapped address. It is not 0 nor -1 nor another the predefined uninitialzed memory pattern (#FDFD). In other words, a pointer is not NULL by default, it must be set in the code. Pointer arithmetic is not supported.

• DECL myptr PTR TO INT INIT NULL;
• DECL mydata INT;
• myptr@ -> mydata;

Note Dereferencing a NULL pointer will cause a data access trap.

The descriptor 'DESC' is a compiler defined structure containing a pointer to an array and the array upperbound. A descriptorized array is indexed using simple array syntax 'MY_DESC[I]' and the UPB operator can be used to access the upperbound 'UPB MYDESC'. A TDSIZE operator also exists as a legacy of the descriptor implementation on NT40: TDSIZE = UPB+1. Descriptors have automatic run time bounds checking on dynamically allocated arrays. Indexing a descriptor out of bounds or indexing a NULL descriptor will cause a descriptor range check trap. UPB is generally used by application software to more gracefully handle index out of range.

• DECL my_int_array DESC OF INT INIT NULL;

Note NULL can be used for pointers and descriptors.

Strings use descriptors extensively. Strings are of a defined length with no NULL character terminator.

• DECL foo DESC OF CHAR IS "my string named foo";

Block scope is defined by BLOCK and ENDBLOCK statements, which are analogous to BEGIN END in Pascal or { } in C. Blocks can optionally be labeled for enhanced compiler checking and functionality.

• [label:] BLOCK
• some code
• EXIT [label];
• more code
• ENDBLOCK [label]

Procedures and functions are only differentiated by the presence of the RETURNS clause and the requirement to include a RETURN statement. A RETURN statement may be inserted anywhere in a function or procedure.

Declaration

• PROC myprocname( argument list ) IS FORWARD;
• PROC myfuncname( argument list ) RETURNS type IS FORWARD;

Implementation

• PROC myfuncname( argument list ) RETURNS type IS
• BLOCK
• ...code...
• RETURN some_value;
• ENDBLOCK

The TABLE is the basic array structure. TABLE is only used for arrays whose size is known at compile time. Descriptors are the preferred way to reference arrays. Indexing a table out of range will cause a table range check trap. UPB and TDSIZE operators also apply to tables.

The OVERLAY is the basic union structure. It is declared and used in a manner similar to Pascal-descended languages.

Areas are memory blocks that could be cast to TABLES and OVERLAYS. They are declared in bytes and typically are declared large enough to allow for future expansion. This is due to the desire to upgrade DMS software 'live' without requiring a restart. The modular nature of PROTEL allows relatively small chunks of code to be swapped into a load; if AREAs were planned smartly, this would not affect the placement of modules in memory, thereby avoiding a restart.

A SECTION is a text file containing source code and directives to manage the different section types and their position in the module hierarchy. A SECTION is the smallest unit of compilation. A MODULE is the smallest unit of linkage and loading and contains one or more sections. A SUBSYSTEM is the smallest unit of packaging and contains one or more modules.

There are 2 forms of the case (switch) statement. Using the CASE keyword uses a jump table and SELECT uses sequential if-then-else logic. Cases are exclusive, they don't fall through as in C.