Prunus serotina

Prunus serotina is a medium-sized, fast-growing forest tree growing to a height of 15–24 metres (49–79 feet). The leaves are 5–13 centimetres (2–5 inches) long, ovate-lanceolate in shape, with finely toothed margins. Fall leaf color is yellow to red. Flowers are small, white and 5-petalled, in racemes 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long which contain several dozen flowers. The flowers give rise to reddish-black "berries" (drupes) fed on by birds,[6] 5–10 millimetres (1⁄4–3⁄8 in) in diameter.[10][14]

Prunus serotina flower cluster.

For about its first decade the bark of a black cherry tree is thin, smooth, and banded, resembling a birch. A mature tree has very broken, dark gray to black bark. The leaves are long and shiny, resembling a sourwood's. An almond-like odour is released when a young twig is scratched and held close to the nose, revealing minute amounts of cyanide compounds produced and stored by the plant as a defense mechanism against herbivores.[15][16]

Prunus serotina has the following subspecies and varieties:[22]

• Prunus serotina subsp. capuli (Cav. ex Spreng.) McVaugh – central + southern Mexico
• Prunus serotina subsp. eximia (Small) McVaugh – Texas
• Prunus serotina subsp. hirsuta (Elliott) McVaugh (syn. Prunus serotina var. alabamensis (C. Mohr) Little) – southeastern United States
• Prunus serotina subsp. serotina – Canada, United States, Mexico, Guatemala
• Prunus serotina subsp. virens (Wooton & Standl.) McVaugh – southwestern United States, northern + central Mexico
  • Prunus serotina var. virens (Wooton & Standl.) McVaugh
  • Prunus serotina var. rufula (Wooton & Standl.) McVaugh

Galls made by the mite Eriophyes cerasicrumena

Black knot infection

Prunus serotina is a pioneer species. In the Midwest, it is seen growing mostly in old fields with other sunlight-loving species, such as black walnut, black locust, and hackberry. Gleason and Cronquist (1991) describe P. serotina as "[f]ormerly a forest tree, now abundant as a weed-tree of roadsides, waste land, and forest-margins".[23] It is a moderately long-lived tree, with ages of up to 258 years known, though it is prone to storm damage, with branches breaking easily; any decay resulting, however, only progresses slowly. Fruit production begins around 10 years of age, but does not become heavy until 30 years and continues up to 100 years or more. Germination rates are high, and the seeds are widely dispersed by birds and bears[24] who eat the fruit and then excrete them. Some seeds however may remain in the soil bank and not germinate for as long as three years. All Prunus species have hard seeds that benefit from scarification to germinate (which in nature is produced by passing through an animal's digestive tract).

Deer browse the foliage.[24]

Known as capolcuahuitl in Nahuatl (the source of the capuli epithet), it was an important food in pre-Columbian Mexico. Native Americans ate the fruit.[24] Edible raw, the fruit is also made into jelly, and the juice can be used as a drink mixer, hence the common name 'rum cherry'.[25]

Prunus serotina timber is valuable; perhaps the premier cabinetry timber of the U.S., traded as "cherry". High quality cherry timber is known for its strong orange hues, tight grain and high price. Low-quality wood, as well as the sap wood, can be more tan. Its density when dried is around 580 kg/m³ (36 lb/cu ft).

Prunus serotina was widely introduced into Western and Central Europe as an ornamental tree[26] in the mid-20th century,[27][28] where it has become locally naturalized.[26] It has acted as an invasive species there, negatively affecting forest community biodiversity and regeneration.[29][30]

Prunus serotina subsp. capuli was cultivated in Central and South America well before European contact.[31]

• "Prunus serotina". Plants for a Future.
• Flora of Pennsylvania