Pulmonary vein

The pulmonary veins are the veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The largest pulmonary veins are the four main pulmonary veins, two from each lung that drain into the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary veins are part of the pulmonary circulation.

Pulmonary vein
Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate normal blood flow.
Diagram of the alveoli with both cross-section and external view.
Details
Precursortruncus arteriosus
SystemCirculatory system
Drains fromlungs
Drains toleft atrium
Arterypulmonary artery
Identifiers
Latinvenae pulmonales
MeSHD011667
TA98A12.3.02.001
TA24107
FMA66643
Anatomical terminology

Structure

There are four main pulmonary veins, two from each lung – an inferior and a superior main vein, emerging from each hilum. The main pulmonary veins receive blood from three or four feeding veins in each lung, and drain into the left atrium. The peripheral feeding veins do not follow the bronchial tree. They run between the pulmonary segments from which they drain the blood. [1]

At the root of the lung, the right superior pulmonary vein lies in front of and a little below the pulmonary artery; the inferior is situated at the lowest part of the lung hilum. Behind the pulmonary artery is the bronchus.[2] The right main pulmonary veins (contains oxygenated blood) pass behind the right atrium and superior vena cava; the left in front of the descending thoracic aorta.

Variation

Occasionally the three lobar veins on the right side remain separate, and not infrequently the two left lobar veins end by a common opening into the left atrium. Therefore, the number of pulmonary veins opening into the left atrium can vary between three and five in the healthy population.

The two left lobar veins may be united as a single pulmonary vein in about 25% of people; the two right veins may be united in about 3%.[2]

Function
Further information: Pulmonary circulation

The pulmonary veins play an essential role in respiration, by receiving blood that has been oxygenated in the alveoli and returning it to the left atrium.

Clinical significance

As part of the pulmonary circulation they carry oxygenated blood back to the heart, as opposed to the veins of the systemic circulation which carry deoxygenated blood.

On chest X-ray, the diameters of pulmonary veins increases from upper to lower lobes, from 3 mm at the first intercoastal space, to 6 mm just above the diaphragm.[3]

A rare genetic defect of the pulmonary veins can cause them to drain into the pulmonary circulation in whole or in part, this is known as a total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (or drainage), or partial anomalous pulmonary connection, respectively.

Additional images
  • Computed tomography of a normal lung, with different levels of pulmonary veins.
    Computed tomography of a normal lung, with different levels of pulmonary veins.
  • Bronchial anatomy
    Bronchial anatomy
  • Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery.
    Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery.
  • Pulmonary vessels, seen in a dorsal view of the heart and lungs.
    Pulmonary vessels, seen in a dorsal view of the heart and lungs.

See also
This article uses anatomical terminology.

References

Public domain This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 642 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students (Pbk. ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-06612-2.
  2. Skandalakis, editor in chief John E. (2004). "Chapter 7. Pericardium, Heart, and Great Vessels in the Thorax". Skandalakis' surgical anatomy : the embryologic and anatomic basis of modern surgery. Athens, Greece: PMP. pp. section titled 'Pulmonary veins'. ISBN 9603990744. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  3. Porres, Diego Varona; Morenza, Óscar Persiva; Pallisa, Esther; Roque, Alberto; Andreu, Jorge; Martínez, Manel (July 2013). "Learning from the Pulmonary Veins". RadioGraphics. 33 (4): 999–1022. doi:10.1148/rg.334125043. ISSN 0271-5333. PMID 23842969.
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