Pulvinar nuclei

By convention, the pulvinar is divided into four nuclei:

Their connectomic details are as follows:

• The lateral and inferior pulvinar nuclei have widespread connections with early visual cortical areas.
• The dorsal part of the lateral pulvinar nucleus predominantly has connections with posterior parietal cortex and the dorsal stream cortical areas.
• The medial pulvinar nucleus has widespread connections with cingulate, posterior parietal, premotor and prefrontal cortical areas.[2]
• The pulvinar also has input from the superior colliculus to inferior, lateral and medial sections, which seems to be important in the initiation and compensation of saccade,[3][4] as well as the regulation of visual attention[5][6]

Lesions of the pulvinar can result in neglect syndromes and attentional deficits.[7] In addition, lesions in early life can impact normal visuomotor behaviors such as reaching and grasping.[8] Furthermore, the pulvinar was demonstrated to be instrumental in the preservation of vision afforded to a boy who lost his primary visual cortex bilaterally at birth[9] as well as other forms of blindsight in monkeys[10][11] and humans.[12] Strokes affecting the pulvinar have also been implicated in the development of chronic pain.[13] In a case study of photophobia caused by blue light, pulvinar nuclei associated with the melanopsin containing ipRGCs visual pathway where bilaterally activated.[14]

The pulvinar varies in importance in different animals: it is virtually nonexistent in the rat, and grouped as the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex with the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus due to its small size in cats. In humans it makes up roughly 40% of the thalamus making it the largest of its nuclei.[15] Significant research has been undertaken in the marmoset examining the role of the retinorecipient region of the inferior pulvinar (medial subdivision), which projects to visual cortical area MT, in the early development of MT and the dorsal stream, as well as following early-life lesions of the primary visual cortex (V1).[16][17][18]

The word pulvinar (/pʌlˈvaɪnər/) in Latin broadly means an armchair lined with numerous pillows. It was first neuroanatomically named by Karl Friedrich Burdach in 1817:[19] "The cushion (pulvinar), a swelling at the posterior end of the inner edge of the upper quadrigemina like a pillow over seats", English translation[20] (original German: "Das Polster (pulvinar), eine Anschwellung am hintern Ende des inner Randes der obern Vierhügel wie ein Kissen herüber legt"[19]). In Latin pulvinus could refer to "a sofa, cushioned seat, seat of honor, easy couch; of the couch or marriage-bed ", or more specifically, "a couch made of cushions, and spread over with a splendid covering, for the gods and persons who received divine honors; a couch or cushioned seat of the gods"[21] In the religion of ancient Rome, a pulvinar was an hetoimasia or empty throne, cushioned for occupation by a deity.[22] While anatomically, neuroanatomically there was no Roman diety between its arms, there was the pineal gland, that had in the 17th century, been identified by the French philosopher René Descartes as the seat of intellect and soul, and it has been suggested this link contributed to the first naming of this part of the brain by Karl Friedrich Burdach.[20]

• 
  Thalamus
• 
  Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
• 
  Dissection of brain-stem. Dorsal view.
• 
  Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts.
• 
  Human brain left dissected midsagittal view

• Stained brain slice images which include the "pulvinar" at the BrainMaps project
• Atlas image: eye_38 at the University of Michigan Health System - "The Visual Pathway from Below"