Quantum materials

Quantum materials is an umbrella term in condensed matter physics that encompasses all materials whose essential properties cannot be described in terms of semiclassical particles and low-level quantum mechanics.[1] These are materials that present strong electronic correlations or some type of electronic order, such as superconducting or magnetic orders, or materials whose electronic properties are linked to non-generic quantum effects – topological insulators, Dirac electron systems such as graphene, as well as systems whose collective properties are governed by genuinely quantum behavior, such as ultra-cold atoms, cold excitons, polaritons, and so forth. On the microscopic level, four fundamental degrees of freedom – that of charge, spin, orbit and lattice – become intertwined, resulting in complex electronic states;[1] the concept of emergence is a common thread in the study of quantum materials.[2]

Quantum materials exhibit puzzling properties with no counterpart in the macroscopic world: quantum entanglement, quantum fluctuations, robust boundary states dependent on the topology of the materials' bulk wave functions, etc.[1] Quantum anomalies such as the chiral magnetic effect link some quantum materials with processes in high-energy physics of quark-gluon plasmas.[3]

History

In 2012, Joseph Orenstein published an article in Physics Today about "ultrafast spectroscopy of quantum materials".[4] Orenstein stated,

Quantum materials is a label that has come to signify the area of condensed-matter physics formerly known as strongly correlated electronic systems. Although the field is broad, a unifying theme is the discovery and investigation of materials whose electronic properties cannot be understood with concepts from contemporary condensed-matter textbooks.

As a paradigmatic example, Orenstein refers to the breakdown of Landau Fermi liquid theory due to strong correlations. The use of the term "quantum materials" has been extended and applied to other systems, such as topological insulators, and Dirac electron materials. The term has gained momentum since the article "The rise of quantum materials" was published in Nature Physics in 2016.[2] Quoting:

on a trivial level all materials exist thanks to the laws of quantum mechanics, and there are cynics who will privately wonder if the description isn't too broad and, well, catchy for its own good. But given the history of condensed-matter physics that we have just outlined, there are good reasons to embrace quantum materials. In essence, they provide a common thread linking disparate communities of researchers working on a variety of problems at the frontiers of physics, materials science and engineering.

References
  1. Cava, Robert; de Leon, Nathalie; xie3, Weiwei (10 March 2021). "Introduction: Quantum Materials". Chemical Reviews. 121 (5): 2777–2779. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01322. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 33715377.
  2. "The rise of quantum materials". Nature Physics. 12 (2): 105. 1 February 2016. Bibcode:2016NatPh..12..105.. doi:10.1038/nphys3668. ISSN 1745-2473.
  3. Kharzeev, Dmitri E. (1 March 2014). "The Chiral Magnetic Effect and anomaly-induced transport". Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. 75: 133–151. arXiv:1312.3348. Bibcode:2014PrPNP..75..133K. doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2014.01.002. ISSN 0146-6410. S2CID 118508661.
  4. Orenstein, Joseph (31 August 2012). "Ultrafast spectroscopy of quantum materials". Physics Today. 65 (9): 44–50. Bibcode:2012PhT....65i..44O. doi:10.1063/PT.3.1717.
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