Quercus agrifolia

Coast live oak typically has a much-branched trunk and reaches a mature height of 10–25 metres (33–82 feet). Some specimens may attain an age exceeding 1,000 years. Examples of this include the Grand Oak of Cherry Valley, California,[7] the Encino Oak Tree, which died in the 1990s (part of the stump has been preserved)[8] and the Pechanga Great Oak.[9]

The trunk, particularly for older individuals, may be highly contorted, massive and gnarled. The crown is broadly rounded and dense, especially when aged 20 to 70 years; in later life the trunk and branches are more well defined and the leaf density lower.[6] The oldest specimens might exceed 6 m (20 ft) in trunk circumference and 30 m (100 ft) in height.[9][10]

The leaves are dark green, oval, often convex in shape, 2–7 centimetres (3⁄4–2+3⁄4 inches) long and 1–4 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) broad; the leaf margin is spiny-toothed (spinose), with sharp thistly fibers that extend from the lateral leaf veins. The outer layers of leaves are designed for maximum solar absorption, containing two to three layers of photosynthetic cells.[6]

These outer leaves are deemed to be small in size to more efficiently re-radiate the heat gained from solar capture. Shaded leaves are generally broader and thinner, having only a single layer of photosynthetic cells. The convex leaf shape may be useful for interior leaves which depend on capturing reflected light scattered in random directions from the outer canopy.[6]

The flowers are produced in early-to-mid spring; the male flowers are pendulous catkins 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long, the female flowers inconspicuous, less than 0.5 cm (1⁄4 in) long, with 1–3 clustered together. The fruit is a slender reddish brown acorn 2–3.5 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long and 1–1.5 cm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) broad, with the basal quarter enclosed in a cupule; unusually for a red oak, the acorns mature about 7–8 months after pollination (most red oak acorns take 18 months to mature).[6]

Recognized varieties

There are two varieties of Quercus agrifolia:

Image	Scientific name	Description	Distribution
	Quercus agrifolia var. agrifolia	Leaves that are glabrous to slightly hairy on the abaxial side, especially near the leaf vein axils. Hybrids with Q. kelloggii, Q. parvula var. shevei, and Q. wislizeni are known.	Throughout the range of the species.
	Quercus agrifolia var. oxyadenia	Leaves that are tomentose abaxially, with densely interwoven hairs. It prefers granitic soils; hybrids with Q. kelloggii known.	Southwesternmost California (San Diego area), Baja California.

In naming the species, Née compared it to a species illustrated in Leonard Plukenet's Phytographia under the descriptive name "Ilex folio agrifolii americana, forte agria, vel aquifolia glandifera" which Plukenet had compared, in his Almagestum botanicum, to Luigi Anguillara's Agrifolia glandifera, the noun 'Agrifolia' being a Medieval Latin form of 'Aquifolium' meaning a holly or holly-leaved oak, and related to the Modern Italian 'Agrifoglio,' meaning 'holly.'[11][12][13]

Coast live oak, San Luis Obispo County, California

Normally the tree is found on well-drained soils of coastal hills and plains, often near year-round or perennial streams. It may be found in several natural communities including coast live oak woodland, Engelmann oak woodland, valley oak woodland and both northern and southern mixed evergreen forests. While normally found within 100 kilometers (62 miles) of the Pacific Ocean at elevations less than 700 m (2,300 ft), in southern California it occasionally occurs at up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in elevation.

It is the only California native oak that thrives in the coastal environment, although it is rare on the immediate shore; it enjoys the mild winter and summer climate afforded by ocean proximity, and it is somewhat tolerant of aerosol-borne sea salt. The coastal fog supplies relief from the rainless California summer heat.

It is the dominant overstory plant of the coast live oak woodland habitat, often joined by California bay laurel and California buckeye north of Big Sur. Associated understory plants include toyon, various manzanitas and western poison-oak.

The California oak moth (Phryganidia californica) caterpillar subsists entirely on living and fallen leaves of the Coast Live Oak. In 8–10 year cycles, the caterpillar will appear in sufficient abundance to denude healthy trees. The trees recover, and botanists speculate that the species provide mutual benefit, possibly in the form of fertilizer for the oak.[14] The coast live oak is also the only known foodplant of Chionodes vanduzeei caterpillars.

Live oak trees, among other western oaks, are also known to support acorn woodpeckers, which store their acorns in tree trunks and remove them when they want to eat. [15]

The pollen of the coast live oak is a severe allergen. Pollination occurs in spring.[16]

The coast live oak, especially in its Spanish forms encino or encina, encinitas "little oaks", and encinal "oak grove", gave its name to seven land grants across California and to many communities and geographic features. These include Rancho Los Encinos, the Los Angeles community of Encino, Encinitas near San Diego, and Encinal del Temescal, now the city of Oakland.[19]

Paso Robles (fully 'El Paso de Robles' or 'Pass of the Oaks') also refers to the ubiquitous live oaks in the region as a geographical place name.

• Balls, Edward Kent (2020) [1962]. Early Uses of California Plants. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520343061. OCLC 1224278823.
• C. Michael Hogan, California Arts and Sciences Institute calasinstitute.org (2023) Coast Live Oak. ed. Arthur Dawson. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and Environment. Washington DC
• Pavlik, Bruce M.; Muick, Pamela C.; Johnson, Sharon G.; Popper, Marjorie (1991). Oaks of California. Los Olivos, California: Cachuma Press. ISBN 0962850519.
• Sawyer, John O.; Keeler-Wolf, Todd (1995). A Manual of California Vegetartion. California Native Plant Society. p. 241. ISBN 978-0943460260.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quercus agrifolia.

• "Quercus agrifolia". Native Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin.
• Las Pilitas: California Oaks
• Virginia Tech Forestry Department: Coast Live Oak
• USDA Plants Database: Quercus agrifolia Née
• Interactive Distribution Map for Quercus agrifolia