R. Edward Freeman

Stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management and business ethics that addresses morals and values in managing an organization. It was originally detailed by Freeman in the book Strategic Management: a Stakeholder Approach, and identifies and models the groups which are stakeholders of a corporation, and both describes and recommends methods by which management can give due regard to the interests of those groups. In short, it attempts to address the "Principle of Who or What Really Counts."[3]

In the traditional view of the firm, the shareholder view, the shareholders or stockholders are the owners of the company, and the firm has a binding fiduciary duty to put their needs first, to increase value for them. However, stakeholder theory argues that there are other parties involved, including governmental bodies, political groups, trade associations, trade unions, communities, financiers, suppliers, employees, and customers. Sometimes even competitors are counted as stakeholders – their status being derived from their capacity to affect the firm and its other morally legitimate stakeholders. The nature of what is a stakeholder is highly contested (Miles, 2012),[4] with several definitions existing in the academic literature (Miles, 2011).[5]

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) [6] is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance within the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. CSR is a process with the aim to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may also be considered as stakeholders.

The term "corporate social responsibility" came into common use in the late 1960s and early 1970s after many multinational corporations formed the term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an organization's activities have an impact. It was used to describe corporate owners beyond shareholders as a result of an influential book by Freeman, Strategic management: a stakeholder approach in 1984.[3] Proponents argue that corporations make more long term profits by operating with a perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from the economic role of businesses. Others argue CSR is merely window-dressing, or an attempt to pre-empt the role of governments as a watchdog over powerful multinational corporations. Anticipation of such concepts appear in a publication that appeared in 1968 [7] by Italian economist Giancarlo Pallavicini, creator of the "Method of the decomposition of the parameters" for the calculation of the results does not directly cost of business, regarding ethical issues, moral, social, cultural and environmental.[8]

• Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach (1984). Boston: Pitman. ISBN 978-0273019138.
• Corporate Strategy and the Search for Ethics (1988), with Daniel R. Gilbert. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Management, 5th ed. (1992), with James A. F. Stoner. Inglewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0135443132.
• Managing for Stakeholders: Survival, Reputation and Success (2007), with Jeffrey Harrison and Andrew C. Wicks. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138498.
• Business Ethics: A Managerial Approach (2009), with Andrew C. Wicks and Patricia H. Werhane. ISBN 978-0131427921.
• Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art (2010), with Jeffrey S. Harrison, Andrew C. Wicks, Bidhan L. Parmar and Simone de Colle. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521190817.
• The Power of And – Responsible Business without Trade-Off (2018). Columbia Business School.

• "Stakeholder Management and CSR: Questions and Answers," with Alexander Moutchnik. UmweltWirtschaftsForum [Environmental Business Forum], vol. 21, no. 1–2 (Sep. 2013), pp. 5–9. doi:10.1007/s00550-013-0266-3. S2CID 154210736. ISSN 0943-3481. ISSN 1432-2293.