RAF Hornchurch

Royal Air Force Hornchurch, or more simply RAF Hornchurch, is a former Royal Air Force sector station in the parish of Hornchurch, Essex (now the London Borough of Havering in Greater London), located to the southeast of Romford. The airfield was known as Sutton's Farm during the First World War, when it occupied 90 acres (360,000 m2) of the farm of the same name. It was used for the protection of London, being 14 miles (22.5 km) east north-east of Charing Cross.

RAF Hornchurch
Hornchurch, Essex in England
Station badge
RAF Hornchurch is located in Greater London
RAF Hornchurch
RAF Hornchurch
Shown within Greater London
Coordinates51°32′19″N 000°12′17″E
TypeRoyal Air Force station
CodeHO
Site information
OwnerAir Ministry
OperatorRoyal Flying Corps
Royal Air Force
Controlled byRAF Fighter Command 1928–44
Site history
Built1915 (1915) & 1928
In use3 October 1915 – 31 December 1919,
(As Sutton's Farm),
1 April 1928 – 1 July 1962 (1962),
(As RAF Hornchurch)
Battles/warsFirst World War
European theatre of World War II
Cold War
Airfield information
Elevation18 metres (59 ft)[1] AMSL
Runways
Direction Length and surface
02/20  Grass
12/30  Grass
10/28  Grass

Although the airfield closed shortly after the end of the war, the land was requisitioned in 1923 because of the expansion of the Royal Air Force and it re-opened as a much larger fighter station in 1928. The airfield was ideally to cover both London and the Thames corridor from German air attacks. It was a key air force installation between both wars and into the jet age, closing in 1962.

History
A Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c similar to those that flew from Sutton's Farm in 1915 and 1916
Lt. William Leefe Robinson (left) and Lt. Wulstan Tempest, both of whom shot down enemy airships.

In 1915 the London Air Defence Area (LADA) was established and airfields were built around London to defend the capital from the growing threat from German airships. Sutton's Farm, along with its neighbour Hainault Farm (just east of what became the Second World War airfield of Fairlop), 8 miles (12.9 km) to the north-east, were selected due to their location covering the eastern approaches to London. They were named Landing Grounds Nos. II and III respectively and joined the existing airfields of North Weald, Rochford and Joyce Green. Suttons Farm airfield became operational on 3 October 1915, initially with two BE2c aircraft.

As the number of aircraft increased at the airfields around London, it was decided to organise them into 39 (Home Defence) Squadron, which was formed in April 1916, under the command of Major (later Brigadier-General) Thomas Higgins. As the enemy threat moved from airships to aircraft, better aircraft were introduced to counter them. The BE12, Sopwith 1½ Strutter, Sopwith Pup, FE2, Bristol Fighter, SE5a and Sopwith Camel all operated from Sutton's Farm at some stage, some with more success than others. 39 Squadron moved to North Weald in September 1917 and was replaced by 78 Squadron, under the command of Major Cuthbert Rowden, a 20-year-old veteran of the air war in France and subsequent winner of the Military Cross.[2][3] 78 Squadron was later joined by 189 Night Fighter Training Squadron with Sopwith Pups and Camels.

The first recorded interception of an enemy airship over Britain was made by Lt. (later Marshal of the Royal Air Force) John Slessor on the very day he arrived at Sutton's Farm, 13 October 1915. The attack had to be aborted as the airship disappeared into cloud and he had to break off the engagement.[4] The first victory in Britain was not recorded until nearly a year later, on 2 September 1916 and was attributed to a pilot from Sutton's Farm, Lt. William Leefe Robinson. Robinson shot down a Schütte-Lanz SL11, one of a 16-strong raiding force over London, using new Brock and Pomeroy mixed incendiary ammunition, which had been adapted for this task.[5] For this action Leefe Robinson was awarded the Victoria Cross and became a National hero. Two other Sutton's Farm pilots from the First World War, Lt. Frederick Sowrey and Lt. Wulstan Tempest, were awarded the DSO for their roles in the destruction of Zeppelins.[6] Tempest's actions were particularly notable; even though his fuel pump was broken and he was having to pump fuel manually whilst flying the aircraft with his other hand, he still managed to engage and destroy an enemy airship and then find his way home in thick fog. These pilots, together with many others, are commemorated by street names in South Hornchurch.[7]

Inter-war years

Soon after the war ended it was decided that Suttons Farm was surplus to requirements and the airfield was decommissioned, although it was retained on "List C" (stations temporarily retained for Service purposes) until 27 February 1920.[8] The land was returned, most of the buildings demolished and farming resumed once more.

Following the decision in the early 1920s to expand the Royal Air Force, former First World War airfields were inspected to ascertain their suitability for use. Although small, Suttons Farm was ideally located to be able to defend the north-eastern approaches to London. After protracted negotiations, the original land was re-purchased, together with some further land to the south of the original airfield.

The new airfield took four years to build and opened, as RAF Sutton's Farm, in April 1928. Two months later the name was changed to RAF Hornchurch and the first unit to take up residency was No. 111 Squadron, led by Squadron Leader Keith Park, who also became the first station commander.

Second World War

During the Second world War the station was a Sector Airfield of RAF Fighter Command's 11 Group, covering London and the south east of England during the Battle of Britain in 1940. By this time, its command centre was in Romford, and a satellite station (an advanced attack outpost; RAF Rochford) was unpopular with the Hornchurch crews sent there from time to time because of the canvas accommodation. Richard Hillary, author of "The Last Enemy," was shot down after taking off from here on 3 September 1940. Following the war, Hornchurch was home to Flying Training Command's Aircrew Selection Centre for 10 years before it moved to RAF Biggin Hill.

A balloon unit was retained until closure for parachute training of military personnel, when on the 14 May 1961, CSM Albert E. Small of 10 Para Regt (TA) was a balloon cage Despatcher won the George Medal for gallantry due to a deflating balloon at 800 ft.

The RAF station at Hornchurch closed in July 1962.

Today
Astra House, the former Officers Mess, now a doctors' surgery
Astra Court East, the former Officers Quarters

Following a period of gravel extraction and infilling with rubbish in the 1970s, the airfield was extensively landscaped to create Hornchurch Country Park, with work commencing in 1980. Most of the former administrative and technical areas, including the two Type-A and one Type-C hangars, were levelled in the 1960s and the area is now a housing estate. The names of the streets of the estate commemorate the airfield and its pilots (such as Bouchier Walk, Kirton Close, Tempest Way, Robinson Close, Tuck Road, Bader Way and Malan Square). The former Officers' Mess is now a medical centre in Astra Close. The Officers' Mess (Astra House), Officers' Quarters (Astra Court East, West & North) and WO Quarters (89–99 (odd numbers) Wood Lane) are included in the RAF Hornchurch Conservation Area.

A local school, The R. J. Mitchell School, was named after the man who designed the Spitfire, and a large monument to this effect, with wreaths placed on Remembrance Day, is within the school railings. Another local school (Suttons School) was renamed Sanders Draper School in 1973, after an American pilot, Flying Officer Raimund (Smudge) Sanders Draper, flying with the Royal Air Force at the time, had an engine failure on take-off and stayed at his controls to ensure his aircraft didn't crash on the building, which was full of children at the time.

A number of pillboxes, command bunkers and gun positions, together with the largest number of surviving Tett Turrets in England, still exist within the boundaries of the former airfield and can be seen on the Eastern edge of the country park. RAF Hornchurch artefacts and memorabilia are housed in the Purfleet Heritage & Military Centre.

RAF Hornchurch was the subject of one of the programmes in the BBC TV series Two Men in a Trench. In the programme, several of the defences were examined. One of the Tett Turrets was excavated, the backfill of which contained a pair of 1940 RAF pilot's goggles along with material from the hospital.[9] The fire trench, a partially buried pillbox and an E pen were excavated, while the gun emplacement on the northern end of the site was cleared of vegetation.

The Good Intent pub, formerly with a large concrete, planetarium-like dome next door (used for training airgunners), still exists on the Southend Road, was popular with the aircrews, and has an interesting collection of photos of the Station.

A DVD about RAF Hornchurch was produced by Mike Jones for Streets Ahead Productions.

Finally after a great many years of hard work by the dedicated members of "Hornchurch Aerodrome Historical Trust" there is to be an "RAF Hornchurch Heritage Centre" opening in "Suttons House" on Suttons Lane. This was on the grounds of the former "Suttons Institution", later St Georges Hospital, which was commandeered by the Air Ministry for use by RAF personnel during the Second World War.

Controversy
Contemporary postcard illustrating the destruction of Schütte-Lanz SL11

William Leefe Robinson

Although Robinson was awarded the Victoria Cross for shooting down Schütte-Lanz SL11 in 1916, it wasn't celebrated in all quarters, particularly by serving pilots in France. Home Defence was viewed as a relatively easy role and Robinson had trouble earning the respect of his fellow pilots when he was subsequently posted to France. These views were compounded when Robinson was shot down by aircraft led by Manfred von Richthofen shortly after arriving in France. The awarding of the VC was, undoubtedly, partly politically motivated, although it must be remembered that any form of flying was inherently dangerous in 1916, particularly at night and at these tremendous heights without oxygen. Robinson also managed to single-handedly lift the spirit of a nation that had suffered the new terror of aerial bombardment from the apparently invincible airships.[10]

Use of incendiary ammunition

Although effective in destroying enemy airships, the use of incendiary ammunition was banned under the terms of the Hague Convention of 1899[11] and pilots using it had to have signed orders from their commanding officer. This type of ammunition was issued only to squadrons in Home Defence roles and never to squadrons serving overseas. On his return to Sutton's Farm, William Leefe Robinson's CO ordered him to keep quiet about it[12] as it was thought the propaganda value for the enemy would be invaluable should it leak out, even though the Germans had already broken the terms of the convention by using gas in 1915. Later in the war the use of incendiary ammunition became officially recognised.[13]

The Battle of Barking Creek
Main article: Battle of Barking Creek

The first aircraft to be shot down by the British in the Second World War, the circumstances surrounding which later came to be known as 'friendly fire' incidents, were two Hawker Hurricanes of 56 Squadron. On 6 September 1939, three days after the declaration of war, a searchlight battery on Mersea Island incorrectly identified a friendly aircraft crossing the Essex coast. A message was relayed to HQ 11 Group, which ordered Hurricanes from North Weald to investigate. They were subsequently misidentified as hostile aircraft themselves by the Chain Home Radar at Canewdon.[14] Further aircraft from North Weald were scrambled to intercept their comrades, but they too were misidentified through a combination of miscommunication, inexperience and over-enthusiasm. A tragic, but inevitable mistake was now just minutes away; Spitfires from 74 Squadron, led by "Sailor" Malan, took off from Hornchurch and quickly engaged two Hurricanes, shooting them both down.

Pilot Officer Montague Hulton-Harrop was killed whilst the other pilot, Pilot Officer Tommy Rose, bailed out and landed safely. The two pilots responsible for the attack, Pilot Officer John Freeborn and Flying Officer Paddy Byrne were placed under arrest upon their return to Hornchurch. Freeborn had been the squadron adjutant and had distributed orders that single engined aircraft should not be engaged as it was assumed that enemy fighters would not have the fuel to be able to fly a return sortie from Germany and, therefore, any single engined aircraft would be friendly.

A court-martial was held on 7 October 1939, at which, Freeborn later claimed, that Malan said he never gave the order to attack. All three were acquitted, with the judge claiming that the case should never have been brought to trial. The proceedings have never been made public.[15][16][17]

Station commanders
Name[18] Rank as CO From To Later career
RFC SUTTONS FARM
Air Commodore T C R Higgins Major 19/04/16 13/06/16 AOC No 10 Group
Major W C H Mansfield Major 13/06/16 26/07/16
Major A H Morton Major 26/07/16 20/03/17
Major R G H Murray Major 20/03/17 07/07/17
Major J C Halahan Major 07/07/17 09/08/17
Major W H D Acland Major 09/08/17 30/08/17
Air Marshal Sir P Babington Major 30/08/17 01/09/17 AOC in Chief Flying Training Command
Major C R Rowden Major 01/09/17 26/04/18
Major G Allen Major 26/04/18 12/08/18
Major C J Truran Major 12/08/18 31/12/19
RAF HORNCHURCH
Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park Sqn Ldr 01/04/28 16/03/29 AOC No 11 Gp, C in C, Air Command South East Asia[19]
Group Captain F O Soden Sqn Ldr 08/03/29 Station Commander Biggin Hill Dec 1940 – Jun 1941
Air Marshal Sir Leonard Slatter Sqn Ldr 25/10/29 01/04/30 AOC Coastal Command[19]
Air Commodore E R Manning Wg Cdr 04/04/30 AOC No 223 Group
Air Commodore C H Nicholas Wg Cdr 22/07/33 Returned 06/10/39 as Group Captain Nicholas
Squadron Leader W V Hyde Wg Cdr 04/12/35 22/12/35
Air Vice-Marshal A S G Lee Wg Cdr 22/12/35 Chief, British Military Air Mission to Marshal Tito
Air Vice-Marshal Sir Matthew Frew Wg Cdr 02/04/37 27/07/38 AOC Training HQ SAAF[19]
Group Captain C T Walkington Wg Cdr 27/07/38
Air Commodore C H Nicholas Gp Capt 06/10/39 Duty Air Commodore HQ ADGB
Air Vice Marshal Sir Cecil Bouchier Wg Cdr 20/12/39 21/12/40 AOC British Commonwealth Air Forces of Occupation Japan[20]
Air Chief Marshal Sir Harry Broadhurst Wg Cdr 20/12/40 12/05/42 AOC Bomber Command, Managing Director A V Roe & Co[20]
Air Vice Marshal C G Lott Gp Capt 14/05/42 Commandant School of Land/Air Warfare
Air Commodore A G Adnams Gp Capt 05/01/43 AOC, RAAF Land/Air Warfare School
Air Commodore H L Maxwell Gp Capt 20/07/43 28/10/43 Director of Air Policy SHAPE
Air Vice Marshal F D S Scott-Malden Wg Cdr 28/10/43 06/02/44 Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Policy)
Wing Commander R Watts-Jones Sqn Ldr 06/02/44 20/04/44
Squadron Leader R S Davies Sqn Ldr 20/04/44 01/12/44
Squadron Leader R J Clare-Hunt Sqn Ldr 01/12/44 14/07/46
Wing Commander G W Day Wg Cdr 14/07/46 03/12/46
Wing Commander S H Page Wg Cdr 03/12/46 28/07/47
Air Marshal D Macfadyen A/Cdre 28/07/47 17/12/47 AOC in Chief Home Command
Air Marshal Sir A McKee A/Cdre 17/12/47 12/10/48 AOC in Chief Transport Command
Group Captain F C Sturgiss Gp Capt 12/10/48 02/04/51
Group Captain H L Parker Gp Capt 02/04/51 02/07/51
Group Captain J N Jefferson Gp Capt 02/07/51 21/07/53
Air Vice Marshal E J Corbally A/Cdre 21/07/53 18/01/54 AOC No 61 Group(Southern)
Wing Commander A J Hicks Wg Cdr 18/01/54 08/03/54
Group Captain W G Devas Wg Cdr 08/03/54 04/12/54
Wing Commander C A R Crews Wg Cdr 04/12/54 09/05/55
Wing Commander A N Jones Wg Cdr 09/05/55 30/10/57
Wing Commander H D U Denison Wg Cdr 30/10/57 09/04/62

Squadrons

During its relatively short life, RAF Hornchurch became home[a] to many RAF squadrons:

Squadron Squadron codes Equipment From To Commanding Officer
No. 39 Squadron
Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c 15/04/16 09/17 North Weald Maj Thomas Higgins
No. 78 Squadron
Sopwith Camel 09/17 31/12/19 Disbanded Maj Cuthbert Rowden
No. 189 Squadron
Sopwith Camel 4/18 01/03/19 Disbanded Maj H S Powell
No. 111 Squadron
Armstrong Whitworth Siskin IIIA 01/04/28 Sqn Ldr Keith Park
 Bristol Bulldog IIA 01/31 12/07/34 Northolt
No. 41 Squadron EB Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 28/05/40 08/06/40 Catterick Sqn Ldr HRL 'Robin' Hood
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 26/07/40 08/08/40 Catterick Sqn Ldr HRL 'Robin' Hood
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 03/09/40 24/10/40 N/A Sqn Ldrs HRL 'Robin' Hood DFC, Robert Lister & Don Finlay
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk IIa 24/10/40 23/02/41 Catterick Sqn Ldr Donald O. Finlay
No. 54 Squadron DL (KL)[21]
Bristol Bulldog IIA 15/01/30 Sqn Ldr W E G Bryant
 Gloster Gauntlet 09/36 Sqn Ldr Cecil Bouchier
 Gloster Gladiator 05/37 Sqn Ldr H M Pearson
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 03/03/39 03/09/40 Catterick Sqn Ldr James Leathart
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk IIa 23/02/41 Sqn Ldr F.P.R. Dunworth
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk Va 05/41 Sqn Ldr R F Boyd
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk Vb 07/41 17/11/41 Castletown Sqn Ldr N Orton
No. 65 (East India) Squadron
Hawker Demon 12/07/34
Gloster Gauntlet 09/36
FZ
Gloster Gladiator 04/37
FZ, YT[21] Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 21/03/39 27/08/40 Turnhouse Sqn Ldr A L Holland
No. 74 (Trinidad) Squadron
Hawker Demon 21/09/36 Sqn Ldr Donald Brookes
 Gloster Gauntlet 04/37 Sqn Ldr Donald Brookes
JH, ZP[21] Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 13/02/39 14/08/40 Wittering Sqn Ldr Donald Brookes
No. 222 (Natal) Squadron ZD Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 30/08/40 11/11/40 Coltishall Sqn Ldr John Hamar Hill
Supermarine Spitfire Mk IX 29/04/43 30/12/43 Woodvale Sqn Ldr E J F Harrington
Supermarine Spitfire Mk IX 10/03/44 04/04/44 Selsey
No. 266 (Rhodesia) Squadron UO Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 14/08/40 21/08/40 Wittering Sqn Ldr R L Wilkinson
No. 600 (City of London) Squadron RAuxAF BQ Bristol Blenheim 22/08/40 15/09/40 Redhill Sqn Ldr David Clark
Bristol Beaufighter Mk 1F[22] 01/09/40
No. 264 (Madras Presidency) Squadron PS Boulton Paul Defiant 22/08/40 28/08/40 Duxford
No. 603 (City of Edinburgh) Squadron RAuxAF XT Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk 27/08/40 Sqn Ldr G.L. Denholm, DFC
No. 64 Squadron XQ (SH)[21] Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk IIa 11/11/40 16/05/41 Turnhouse
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk Vb 16/11/41 28/03/43 Turnhouse
No. 313 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RY Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk Vb 15/12/41 08/06/42 Church Stanton Sqn Ldr Karel Mrázek, DSO, DFC
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk Vc 15/12/41 08/06/42 Church Stanton Sqn Ldr Karel Mrázek, DSO, DFC
No. 122 (Bombay) Squadron WM (MT)[21] Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk Vc 01/04/42
Supermarine Spitfire Mk IX 03/10/42 18/05/43 Eastchurch

The following squadrons were also here at some point:

Additional units:[23]

See also

References

Notes
a ^ Dates refer to the period Hornchurch was the squadron's base station and does not include rest periods and short postings to other airfields

Citations
  1. Falconer 1998, p. 47.
  2. Rowden Family history
  3. Worcestershire Regimental history
  4. Richard C Smith, Second To None, p10, Grub Street, 2004, ISBN 1-904010-78-4.
  5. Robinson's official post-op report
  6. Christopher Cole and E.F. Cheeseman, The Air Defence of Britain, 1914–1918, 1984, Hungry Minds Inc, ISBN 978-0-370-30538-7
  7. www.Multimap.com
  8. London Gazette, 2 March 1920
  9. Pollard & Oliver 2002
  10. Joshua Levine, On a Wing and a Prayer p290
  11. Yale Law School: The Laws of War Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  12. Ralph Barker, A Brief History of the Royal Flying Corps in World War One
  13. Great War Forum
  14. "RAF Website". Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  15. Bishop, Patrick. Fighter Boys. Harper, 2003. ISBN 978-0-00-653204-0.
  16. Smith, Richard C. Hornchurch Scramble, London: Grub Street, 2000. ISBN 1-902304-62-4.
  17. The People's War
  18. list of Station Commanders
  19. Who Was Who 2008, Oxford University Press
  20. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press
  21. Wartime identification shown in brackets
  22. Conversion from Blenheim to Beaufighter commenced in September 1940 and was completed in early 1941. Source: RAF Website Archived 10 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  23. "Hornchurch (Suttons Farm)". Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust. Retrieved 22 April 2022.

Bibliography
  • Barker, Ralph. A Brief History of the Royal Flying Corps in World War I. Robinson Publishing, 2002. ISBN 978-1-84119-470-7.
  • Bishop, Patrick. Fighter Boys. Harper, 2003. ISBN 978-0-00-653204-0.
  • Bowyer, Michael J.F. and Rawlings, John D.R. Squadron Codes 1937–56. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1979. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
  • Cole, Christopher and Cheeseman, E.F. The Air Defence of Britain, 1914–1918. Hungry Minds Inc, 1984. ISBN 978-0-370-30538-7.
  • Cooksley, Peter G. Aviation Enthusiasts' Guide To London & The South-East, Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1982. ISBN 0-85059-533-9.
  • Deere, Alan C. Nine Lives. Goodall, 1999. ISBN 978-0-907579-82-3.
  • Delve, Ken. The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1994. ISBN 1-85310-451-5.
  • Falconer, J (1998). RAF Fighter Airfields of World War 2. UK: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-2175-9.
  • Flintham, Vic and Thomas, Andrew. Combat Codes: A full explanation and listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied air force unit codes since 1938. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 2003. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.
  • Glancey, Jonathan. Spitfire, The Biography. London: Atlantic Books, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84354-528-6.
  • Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
  • Hurt, Zdenek. Czechs in the RAF in Focus. Red Kite, 2004. ISBN 978-0-9538061-9-5.
  • Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons: A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1988, 2nd edition 2001. ISBN 1-84037-141-2.
  • Levine, Joshua. On a Wing and a Prayer: The Untold Story of the Pioneering Aviation Heroes of World War I. Collins, 2008. ISBN 978-0-00-726945-7.
  • Quill, Jeffrey. "Spitfire: a Test Pilot's Story". Air Data Publications, 1996. ISBN 0-85979-093-2. (Republished by Crécy Publishing, 1998. ISBN 0-947554-72-6 and reprinted 2001, 2005, 2008).
  • Rawlings, John D.R. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishers) ltd., 1976, (Reprinted 1978). ISBN 0-354-01028-X.
  • Smith, Eric. "First Things First": RAF Hornchurch and RAF Suttons Farm, 1915–1962. Romford, Essex, UK: Ian Henry Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-86025-498-4.
  • Smith, Richard C. Hornchurch Eagles: The Life Stories of Eight of the Airfield's Distinguished World War II Fighter Pilots. London: Grub Street Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1-904010-00-8.
  • Smith, Richard C. Hornchurch Offensive: The Definitive Account of the RAF Fighter Airfield, its Pilots, Groundcrew and Staff. Volume Two: 1941 to the Airfield's Final Closure. London: Grub Street Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-902304-79-9.
  • Smith, Richard C. Hornchurch Scramble: The Definitive Account of the RAF Fighter Airfield, Its Pilots, Groundcrew and Staff. Volume One: 1915 to the End of the Battle of Britain. London: Grub Street Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-902304-62-4.
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Grant, Andy: romfordrecorder.co.uk: CSM Albert E Small GM

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