Trogonoptera brookiana
Trogonoptera brookiana, Rajah Brooke's birdwing, is a birdwing butterfly from the rainforests of the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Natuna, Sumatra, and various small islands west of Sumatra (Banyak, Simeulue, Batu and Mentawai).[4][5] The butterfly was named by the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in 1855, after James Brooke, the Rajah of Sarawak.[5] The larval host plants are Aristolochia acuminata and A. foveolata.[6] Adults sip flower nectar from plants such as Bauhinia.[5] Rajah Brooke's birdwing is a protected species, listed under Appendix II of CITES,[6][7] meaning that international export is restricted to those who have been granted a permit. It is the national butterfly of Malaysia.[8]
| Rajah Brooke's birdwing | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Trogonoptera brookiana albescens | |
 | |
| Adult male (above) and female, dorsal surfaces | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Papilionidae |
| Genus: | Trogonoptera |
| Species: | T. brookiana |
| Binomial name | |
| Trogonoptera brookiana Wallace, 1855 | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Description
Both sexes resemble the more restricted relative, the Palawan birdwing, but males of Rajah Brooke's birdwing have more green to the hindwings. The wingspan of Rajah Brooke's birdwing is 15–17 cm (5.9–6.7 in).[6] The wings of males are mainly black. Each forewing has seven tooth-shaped electric-green markings, while there is a relatively large electric-green patch on the hindwings. The head is bright red and the body is black with red markings. The wings of females are browner with prominent white flashes at the tips of the forewings and at the base of the hindwings.[6]
Taxonomy
Genus: Trogonoptera Rippon, 1890
- Species: Trogonoptera brookiana Wallace, 1855
- Subspecies: Trogonoptera brookiana brookiana (Wallace, 1855)
- Form: Trogonoptera brookiana brookiana f. brookiana Wallace, 1855
- Form: Trogonoptera brookiana brookiana f. julijae S.Hu, 2007
- Subspecies: Trogonoptera brookiana toshikii Kobayashi, 1991
- Subspecies: Trogonoptera brookiana akikoa Morita, 1994
- Subspecies: Trogonoptera brookiana brookiana (Wallace, 1855)
- Species: Trogonoptera trojana Honrath, 1886
Illustrations
Males from Icones Ornithopterorum volume 2
Male (bottom)
References
- Böhm, M. (2018). "Trogonoptera brookiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T91184152A91184305. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T91184152A91184305.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- Wallace, Alfred Russel (1855). "Description of a new Species of Ornithoptera. Ornithoptera brookiana. Wallace". The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. New Series. 3: 104–105.
- The World of Birdwing Butterflies. Trogonoptera brookiana. Accessed 20 May 2012
- ARKive Rajah Brooke’s birdwing. Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 20 May 2012
- Butterfly Corner. Trogonoptera brookiana (Raja Brooke's Birdwing). Accessed 20 May 2012
- CITES (3 April 2012) Appendices. Accessed
- Butterflies of Malaysia. Accessed 20 May 2012
- Goh, D (1994). "Life history of Trogonoptera brookiana albescens in Malaysia (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)" (PDF). Tropical Leidoptera. 5 (1): 1–5.
Further reading
- Phon, Chooi-Khim; Kirton, Laurence G.; Norma-Rashid, Yusoff (2019-08-13). "Trogonoptera brookiana mollumar d'Abrera, Doggett & Parker, 1976 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), a subspecies or a synonym?". European Journal of Taxonomy (544). doi:10.5852/ejt.2019.544. ISSN 2118-9773.
- Han, Z. W.; Niu, S. C.; Shang, C. H.; Liu, Z. N.; Ren, L. Q. (2012). "Light trapping structures in wing scales of butterfly Trogonoptera brookiana". Nanoscale. 4 (9): 2879–2883. doi:10.1039/c2nr12059c. PMID 22374349.
- Wilts, B.; Giraldo, M. A.; Stavegna, D. G. (2016). "Unique wing scale photonics of male Rajah Brooke's birdwing butterflies". Frontiers in Zoology. 13 (36): 36. doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0168-7. PMC 4983073. PMID 27525030.