Thanjavur Maratha kingdom

The Thanjavur Maratha kingdom ruled by the Bhonsle dynasty was a principality of Tamil Nadu between the 17th and 19th centuries. Their native language was Thanjavur Marathi. Venkoji was the founder of the dynasty.

Maratha Kingdom of Thanjavur
Princely State of Thanjavur
1674–1855
Map of Tanjore
Map of Tanjore
Approximate extent of the Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom, at the time of its accession to the British in 1798
Approximate extent of the Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom, at the time of its accession to the British in 1798
StatusKingdom from 1674 to 1799.
Princely state under the paramountcy of the British Raj (1799–1855)
CapitalTanjore
Common languagesTamil, Marathi, Telugu, Sanskrit
Religion
Hinduism
GovernmentPrincipality
Ruler 
• (first) 1674 - 1684
Venkoji
• (last) 1832 - 1855
Shivaji II of Thanjavur
History 
• Conquest of the Madurai Nayak Kingdom by Venkoji
1674
• Earliest records
1674
• Disestablished
1855
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Thanjavur Nayak kingdom
Ramnad estate
Company rule in India
Today part ofIndia

Maratha conquest of Thanjavur

Following the demise of Chola rule in the 13th century (specifically around 1279), the Thanjavur area came under the rule of the Pandyas and then, following the invasion of Malik Kafur, it fell into disorder.

Pandya nadu very quickly reasserted their independence and added Thanjavur to their domain. Soon afterwards, however, they were conquered by the Vijayanagara Empire. The Emperor appointed his trusted Kin, who belonged to the Telugu Balija caste as Governors (Nayakas) of Madurai and Tanjavur. An internal family squabble between Chokkanatha Nayak of Madurai Nayak dynasty and his uncle Vijayaraghava Nayaka of Tanjavur led to a war and eventually ended in the defeat of Thanjavur. The rule of the Thanjavur Nayaks lasted until 1673, when Chokkanatha Nayak, the ruler of Madurai, invaded Thanjavur and killed its ruler, Vijayaraghava.

Chokkanatha placed his brother Alagiri on the throne of Thanjavur, but within a year the latter threw off his allegiance, and Chokkanatha was forced to recognise the independence of Thanjavur. A son of Vijaya Raghava induced the Bijapur Sultan to help him get back the Thanjavur throne. In 1675, the Sultan of Bijapur sent a force commanded by the Maratha general Venkoji (alias Ekoji) to recapture the kingdom from the new invader. Venkoji defeated Alagiri, and occupied Thanjavur. He did not, however, place his protege on the throne as instructed by the Bijapur Sultan, but seized the kingdom and made himself king. Thus began the rule of the Marathas over Thanjavur.

Maratha kings
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Venkoji

Vyankoji, a half-brother of the Maratha king Shivaji, was the first Raja of Thanjavur from the Bhosale dynasty. It is believed that he took over the administration of Thanjavur in April 1674 and ruled until 1684. During his reign, Shivaji invaded Gingee and Thanjavur in 1676–1677 and made his brother Santaji the ruler of all lands to the north of the Coleroon. During the last years of his reign, Vyankoji also allied with Chokkanatha of Madurai to repulse an invasion from Mysore.

Shahuji I

Shahuji I was the eldest son of Venkoji and he ascended the throne at the age of twelve. During his reign, the Mughals occupied the Coromandel coast and Tiruchirapalli and forced him to pay tribute. Shahuji was a patron of literature. During his reign, there were frequent skirmishes and battles with the Raja of Madurai and Ramnad for control of the border lands.

Serfoji I

Serfoji I was a younger son of Venkoji and he ruled from 1712 to 1728. His rule was marked by regular warfare and disputes with the Madurai Nayaks.

Tukhoji

Tukkoji, a younger brother of Serfoji I, ruled Thanjavur from 1728 to 1736. His reign witnessed the invasion of Chanda Sahib and he is credited with having repulsed a Muslim invasion of Madurai.

Pratapsingh

A period of anarchy followed the death of Tukkoji and came to an end when Pratapsingh came to the throne in 1739. He ruled until 1763. He allied with Muhammad Ali, the Nawab of the Carnatic, and aided the British East India Company against the French East India Company in the Carnatic Wars and the Seven Years' War. He was the last king to be addressed by the Directors of the British East India Company as "His Majesty". In 1762, a tripartite treaty was signed between Thanjavur, Carnatic and the British East India Company by which he became a vassal of the Nawab of the Carnatic.

Thuljaji

Thuljaji was a very weak ruler and the last independent ruler of Thanjavur. In 1773, Thanjavur was annexed by the Nawab of the Carnatic who ruled till 1776. The throne was restored to him by the Directors of the British East India Company but that restoration came at a heavy price as it deprived him of his independence.

Serfoji II

Thuljaji was succeeded by his teenage son Serfoji II in 1787. Soon afterwards, he was deposed by his uncle and regent Amarsingh who seized the throne for himself. With the help of the British, Serfoji II recovered the throne in 1798. A subsequent treaty forced him to hand over the reins of the kingdom to the British East India Company, becoming part of the Tanjore District (Madras Presidency). The district collectorate system was installed thereafter to manage the public revenues. Serfoji II was however left in control of the Fort and the surrounding areas. He reigned till 1832. His reign is noted for the literary, scientific and technological accomplishments of the Tanjore country.

Shivaji

Shivaji was the last Maratha ruler of Thanjavur and reigned from 1832 to 1855. As his first wife did not have any male heir, the Queen adopted her nephew, and the adoption took place after the Maharaja's (Shivaji I) death in 1855. The British did not accept this adoption and Thanjavur was annexed by them as per the provisions of the Doctrine of Lapse.

Literature

The Thanjavur Maratha rulers patronized production of literature in four languages:[1][2]

  1. Telugu (the language of the preceding Nayaka rulers)
  2. Tamil (the popular language of the Thanjavur region)
  3. Marathi (the language of the court elite)
  4. Sanskrit (the liturgical language of the Vedic Scriptures)

Ekoji, the founder of the kingdom, continued the use of Telugu as a court language. However, compared to the Nayaka-era works, the Telugu language works composed under the Thanjavur Maratha patronage are of inferior quality. The Tamil language works produced during this period are not of the highest quality either. The most notable literary works composed under their patronage were written in Sanskrit and Marathi languages.[3]

The notable Marathi authors from the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom include Raghunatha Pandita, Ananda-tanaya, Gosavi-nandana and Subhan Rao. They mainly wrote short works on Puranic or other religious subjects, on the royal family members, or on the splendours of Thanjavur.[3]

In 1693, Shahaji renamed the village of Thiruvisanallur as Shahaji-raja-puram and established an assembly of 45 scholars and poets there. These scholars included Ramabhadra Dikshita, Bhaskara Dikshita, Veda-kavi, Mahadeva-kavi, and Shridhara Venkatesvara. Shahaji's minister Tryambaka-yajvan wrote the Sanskrit-language texts Dharmakuta (a commentary on Ramayana) and Strī-dharma-paddhati. Other members of his family also composed various works. His grandson Narayana-raya wrote Vikrama-sena-champu. His brother Bhagavanta-raya wrote Mukunda-vilasa, Uttara-champu, and Raghavabhyudaya. His nephew Ananda-raya wrote Ashvala-yana-grhya-sutra-vritti, Jivananda-nataka, and Vidya-parinaya-nataka (with a commentary). His grand-nephew Nrsimha-raya wrote Tripura-vijaya-champu. Dhundhiraja, another writer patronized by Shahaji, wrote the Sanskrit-language texts Shaha-vilasa-gita and Mudra-rakshasa-vyakhya.[3]

Serfoji built the Saraswathi Mahal Library within the precincts of the palace to house his enormous book and manuscript collection. Apart from Indian languages, Serfoji II was proficient in English, French, Dutch, Greek and Latin as well.

Administration

The king was assisted in the administration of his country by a council of ministers. The supreme head of this council of ministers was a Mantri or Dalavoy. The Dalavoy was also the Commander-in-chief of the Army. Next in importance at the court was a Pradhani or Dewan also called Dabir Pandit. The country was divided into subahs, seemais and maganams in the decreasing order of size and importance. The five subahs of the country were Pattukkottai, Mayavaram, Kumbakonam, Mannargudi and Tiruvadi.

Economy

The ruler collected his taxes from the people through his mirasdars or puttackdars. They were collected right from the village level onwards and were based on the agricultural produce of the village. Rice was one of the primary crops in the region and the land used for cultivation was owned by big landlords. It was Anatharama Sashtry who proposed collecting taxes to improve conditions for the poor. No foreign trade was carried out. The only foreign trade in the country was carried out by European traders who paid a particular amount of money as rent to the Raja. The currency system used was that of a chakram or pon (1 chakram = one and three-fourths of a British East India Company rupee). Other systems of coinage used were that of pagoda (1 pagoda = three and a half Company rupees), a big panam (one-sixth of a Company rupee) and a small panam (one-thirteenth of a Company rupee).

List of rulers
List of Bhonsle Maratha dynasty rulers of Thanjavur
S. no Ruler Reign (CE)
1 Venkoji Bhonsle 1674–1684
2 Shahuji Bhonsle 1684–1712
3 Serfoji Bhonsle I 1712–1728
4 Tukkoji Bhonsle 1728–1736
5 Ekoji II 1736–1737
6 Sujana Bai 1737–1738
7 Shahuji II 1738–1739
8 Pratapsingh Bhonsle 1739–1763
9 Thuljaji Bhonsle 1763–1773 and 1776–1787
10 Serfoji Bhonsle II 1787–1793 and 1798–1832
11 Amar Singh 1793–1798
12 Shivaji Bhonsle 1832–1855

Family tree
Family tree of Maratha Rajas of Thanjavur
  Biological Child
  Adopted Child
Vyankoji I
(1)
r. 1675-1684
Shahuji I
(2)
r. 1684-1712		Serfoji I
(3)
r. 1712-1728		Tukkoji
(4)
r. 1728-1736
Shahuji II
(7)
r. 1738-1739		Sujana Bai
(6)
r. 1737-1738		Vyankoji II
(5)
r. 1736-1737		Pratap
Singh
(8)
r. 1739-1763
Thuljaji
(9)
r. 1763-1773,
1776-1787		Amar Singh
(11)
r. 1793-1798
Serfoji II
(10)
r. 1787-1793,
1798-1832
Shivaji
(12)
r. 1832-1855
Muktamba
Bai
(13)
– Titular –
r. 1855-1885
Shambusinghji
Rao
(14)
– Titular –
r. 1885-1891

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tanjore State.

References
  1. Julia Leslie (1994). "Recycling Ancient Material: An Orthodox View of Hindu Women". In Leonie J. Archer; Susan Fischler; Maria Wyke (eds.). Women in Ancient Societies: An Illusion of the Night. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 237. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23336-6_13. ISBN 9780333523971.
  2. Anwar, Kombai S. (26 April 2018). "Thanjavur emerged as a thriving cultural capital under the Marathas". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  3. Isobel Julia Leslie (1989). The Perfect Wife: The Orthodox Hindu Woman according to the Strīdharmapaddhati of Tryambakayajvan. Oxford University South Asian Studies Series. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–19.
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