Randolph L. Braham

Born to a Jewish family in Bucharest (as Adolf Ábrahám, with the Hebrew name Avraham ben Itzhak ben Aryeh), the son of Lajos Ábrahám and Eszter Katz, Braham was raised in extreme poverty in Dej, a historically Hungarian small town in Transylvania.[3] He spent 1943–1945 in the so-called Labor service of the Hungarian army in the Ukraine, slave-labor units of military-age Jews who ordinarily were murdered after major campaigns or before retreats. During the chaotic Hungarian collapse to the Soviets, Braham escaped and traveled homewards secretly through German-occupied Hungary.

During his escape to the West, in the Hungarian village of Nyíri, he and four others were rescued from the Hungarian gendarmerie (working as an arm of the SS) by a Christian farmer, István Novák (d. 1983), who in 1985 was honored by Yad Vashem in Israel as Righteous Among the Nations.[4] Never once in any of his published writings, until his 2014 open letter to the Hungarian community rejecting his honors from the Hungarian government, did Braham reveal that he himself was a survivor. In his magnum opus The Politics of Genocide, he did use as a photo illustration—perhaps the only one without a source reference—a photograph of his own dog tag.

In his oral testimony (1997) for the USC Shoah Foundation project, he describes inter alia the ordeals of his unit during the final year and winter on the Russian front attached to the Hungarian Army. These include the frequent hangings and tortures and that some of the men during that winter were reduced to marching barefoot and naked covered by only a blanket, defecating while walking. He also described how, during Army maneuvers, he and the other Jews were placed face down in rows in otherwise impassable swamps, for the troops and horse-drawn carriages and horse-drawn artillery to ride over.

After arriving in the American Zone in Berlin, Braham served as a translator for the U.S. Army. His extended family was murdered in Auschwitz, with the exception of his older sister, who was a prisoner there but survived. Braham emigrated to America in early 1948. Although forbidden as a Jew by the pre-World War II Hungarian government to attend Gymnasium (high school), he received a B.Sci. in economics and government from The City College of New York later that year, a M.Sci. in education from City College (the education school has since moved) in 1949, and a Ph.D. in political science from The New School for Social Research in 1952. The next year he became an American citizen, changed his first and last names and adopted his father's name Lewis (occasionally cited incorrectly spelled "Louis").

Braham began his teaching career at CUNY in 1962 at The City College of New York, chaired the political science department there, and became a distinguished professor (CUNY's highest rank) in April 1987. He retired from active teaching in September 1992 and began his residence as professor emeritus at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.

Braham was a member of the Academic Committee of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., from the Museum's earliest planning through May 2005 and participated in the Academic Committee's Fellowship Subcommittee from its inception in 1999; he also was a special advisor for the Museum of Jewish Heritage, New York and for Yad Vashem. His works were used as major source books by courts of law in various countries, including Canada, Germany, Israel, and the United States in cases involving restitution and war crimes. Braham's memoirs, concluded in 2013, are on deposit at his archives at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Included there are notable accounts of the difficult ways with which historians of the Holocaust have dealt with Soviet-bloc states and others unwilling to provide or hiding documentary evidence.

In 1990, as reported in the Washington Post, when appearing before the jury in the war-crimes trial of Imre Finta, a Hungarian gendarmerie commander, Braham testified, My function is to pursue the truth ... I try to comprehend the incomprehensible. And in 2014, in his open letter when returning his Hungarian honors, Braham wrote: As a survivor whose parents and many family members were among the hundreds of thousands of murdered Jews, [I] cannot remain silent ... It was my destiny to work on the preservation of the historical record of the Holocaust.

In the 1998 Oscar-winning Academy Award for Documentary Feature The Last Days, Braham provided contextual overviews of the Hungarian Holocaust. He was the subject of the documentary Rémálmok nyomában,[5] which is available in an English version titled Retracing a Nightmare.[6]

In January 2014, in a widely published open letter on what he saw as increasing attempts by Hungary's rightist Orbán government to falsify history and whitewash the Horthy era, Braham returned his medals and resigned from the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary, and forbade using his name in connection with the Holocaust Memorial Center in Budapest after excessive government interference.[7] Previously, in 2005, he resigned from the Order of the Star of Romania, after a noted rightist was honored with membership.

Nobelist Elie Wiesel, also a survivor of the Hungarian holocaust and a long-time colleague of Braham, concluded his foreword to Braham's 2013 geographical encyclopedia stating, To recommend this work to teachers, their students, and researchers is more than an act of friendship. It is the duty of remembrance that belongs to the realm of the sacred.[8] In 2017 Braham gave his last lecture in Budapest, and two months before his death published an open letter on the recent Hungarian government decision to construct a "competing" Holocaust museum.

Two nights before his brief final hospitalization in 2018 for heart failure, Braham was actively writing revisions to his recent work, yet reluctantly had to cancel his farewell address —The Struggle between the History and Collective Memory of the Twentieth Century: The Holocaust vs. Communism — scheduled the next day at the Rosenthal Institute he founded 39 years previously.

• Personal Testimony to the USC Shoah Foundation Part I May 28, 1997
• Personal Testimony to the USC Shoah Foundation Part II May 30, 1997
• Personal Testimony to the USC Shoah Foundation--Additional material and indexes
• "Open letter of resignation from The Hungarian Order of Merit [In English]". 2014-01-26.
• "Open letter of resignation from The Hungarian Order of Merit [In Hungarian]". 2014-01-27.
• "Open letter: "The Unholy Alliance between the Orbán Government and Slomó Köves Of Chabad". 2018-09-24.

• László Karsai (2002). "Interview: Professor Randolph L. Braham looks on his life after 80 years". Archived from the original on 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2018-11-27. [In Hungarian. Contains details of Braham's early years and the culture of his community.]
• "Short Biography of Randolph L. Braham". 2011-11-06. Retrieved 2013-10-14.
• "Laudatory Remarks on Randolph L. Braham and His Work on the Hungarian Holocaust". 2017-10-11.
• "In Memoriam: Randolph L. Braham (1922-2018)". 2018-11-25. [With appended statement from András Heisler, President of the Association of Hungarian Jewish Religious Communities.]

• "The Holocaust in Hungary: A Forensic Analysis"/"A magyarországi holokauszt bonctani elemzése c. előadása" [Filmed lecture in English with simultaneous Hungarian translation] 2017-10-03
• "The Assault on the Historical Memory of the Holocaust"/"Magyarország: Hadjárat a holokauszt történelmi emlékezete ellen" [In English and Hungarian] March 2014
• "A Postmortem of the Holocaust in Hungary: A Probing Interpretation of the Causes” June 2012
• "Hungary: The Controversial Chapter of the Holocaust" [Filmed lecture, Wiener Wiesenthal Institut für Holocaust-Studien] Nov. 13, 2011
• "The Reinterment and Political Rehabilitation of Miklós Horthy" Originally published in 1993; posted 2013-09-15

• Index to The Randolph Braham Collection at The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Research material collected by Randolph L. Braham, includes materials relevant to the Holocaust and its aftermath in Eastern Europe in general, and in Hungary and Romania in particular, trials against suspected war criminals, the revival of extreme right ideologies, and biographical information pertaining to the donor. Includes audio and videorecordings of interviews Randolph Braham conducted between 1972 and 1996 with survivors of the Holocaust in Hungary. Organized into 17 series.