Raorchestes tinniens

Raorchestes tinniens, also known as the spotted bush frog, black bush frog, and Rao's bubble-nest frog (the latter two referring to species now considered junior synonyms of R. tinniens), is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to the Nilgiri Hills, a part of the Western Ghats, in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, southern India.[2] It has a rather complicated taxonomic history, and there is still an open issue whether Ixalus montanus Günther, 1876 from Kudremukh (Karnataka), now in synonymy with Raorchestes tinniens, is indeed a valid species.[3]

Raorchestes tinniens
Raorchestes tinniens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Rhacophoridae
Genus: Raorchestes
Species:
R. tinniens
Binomial name
Raorchestes tinniens
(Jerdon, 1853)
Synonyms[2]
  • Phyllomedusa ? tinniens Jerdon, 1853
  • Ixalus tinniens — Jerdon, 1870
  • Philautus (Philautus) tinniens — Bossuyt and Dubois, 2001
  • Pseudophilautus tinniens — Li et al., 2009
  • Raorchestes tinniens — Biju et al., 2010
  • Ixalus punctatus Anderson, 1871
  • Philautus punctatus — Boulenger, 1890
  • Ixalus montanus Günther, 1876
  • Philautus melanensis Rao, 1937

Description

Male Raorchestes tinniens measure about 18–22 mm (0.71–0.87 in) in snout-vent length of and females 25–28 mm (0.98–1.10 in). Dorsum is grey–brown and iris is dark-blackish brown. Flanks and groin are dark-brownish black, and belly is coarsely granular. "Ixalus montanus" from Kudremukh are larger, mean size for males and females being 29 mm (1.1 in) and 36 mm (1.4 in), respectively. They are also yellowish brown (instead dark brown) in their flanks and groin.[3]

Distribution and habitat

Raorchestes tinniens is known from the Nilgiri Hills and surroundings. It is a terrestrial species found on the ground or low in the vegetation. It is associated with montane tropical moist evergreen forests, but can also be found in grasslands and modified areas close to forests.[1][3] It is a common species within its distribution area, but it is threatened by habitat loss and believed to be declining.[1]

Reproduction

Males call even during the daytime. Raorchestes tinniens has direct development[3] (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage[4]). Eggs are laid in a hole in a ground. Froglets hatch after about 19 days.[3]

References
  1. Biju, S.D.; Dasaramji Buddhe, G.; Dutta, S.; Vasudevan, K.; Srinivasulu, C. & Vijayakumar, S.P. (2016) [errata version of 2004 assessment]. "Raorchestes tinniens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58926A86247871.
  2. Frost, Darrel R. (2020). "Raorchestes tinniens (Jerdon, 1854)". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  3. Biju, S. D. & Bossuyt, F. (2009). "Systematics and phylogeny of Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Anura, Rhacophoridae) in the Western Ghats of India, with descriptions of 12 new species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 155 (2): 374–444. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00466.x.
  4. Vitt, Laurie J. & Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 166.
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