Red-billed firefinch

The red-billed firefinch or Senegal firefinch (Lagonosticta senegala) is a small seed-eating bird in the family Estrildidae. This is a resident breeding bird in most of Sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km2. It was introduced to Egypt, but the population there has become extinct. It was also introduced to southern Algeria where it is currently expanding northward. [2]

Red-billed firefinch
Male and female of the nominate subspecies, both in The Gambia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Estrildidae
Genus: Lagonosticta
Species:
L. senegala
Binomial name
Lagonosticta senegala
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms

Fringilla senegala Linnaeus, 1766

Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the red-billed firefinch in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Senegal. He used the French name Le Sénégali rouge and the Latin name Senegalus Ruber.[3] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.[4] When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson.[4] One of these was the red-billed firefinch. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Fringilla senegala and cited Brisson's work.[5] The species is now placed in the genus Lagonosticta that was introduced by the German ornithologists Jean Cabanis in 1851.[6]

There are six subspecies:[7]

  • L. s. senegala (Linnaeus, 1766) – Nominate subspecies – Mauritania, Senegal and Gambia to west and central Nigeria
  • L. s. rhodopsis (Heuglin, 1863) – Sahel red-billed firefinch or Adamawa red-billed firefinch[8] – east Nigeria, north and central Cameroon and south Chad to Sudan, west Eritrea and west Ethiopia
  • L. s. brunneiceps Sharpe, 1890 – Abyssinian red-billed firefinch[9] – central Ethiopia and southeast Sudan
  • L. s. somaliensis Salvadori, 1894 – Lake Abaya red-billed firefinch or Somali red-billed firefinch[10] – southeast Ethiopia and south Somalia
  • L. s. ruberrima Reichenow, 1903 – Uganda red-billed firefinch[11] – Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and west Kenya to northeast Angola, northeast Zambia and north Malawi
  • L. s. rendalli Hartert, 1898 – Southern red-billed firefinch[12] – south Angola to Mozambique south to South Africa

Description

The red-billed firefinch is 10 cm (3.9 in) in length. The adult male has entirely scarlet plumage apart from brown wings. The bill is pink, and there is a yellow eye-ring. Females have uniformly brown upperparts and buff underparts. There is a small red patch in front of both eyes, with the bill also being pink.

Range and habitat

This widespread and abundant species is often found around human habitation, often with other species such as the red-cheeked cordon-bleu. Its soft queet-queet call is a familiar African sound. The song is a rising chick-pea-pea-pea.

The red-billed firefinch is a small gregarious bird which feeds mainly on grain and other seeds. It frequents open grassland and cultivation. The nest is a large domed grass structure with a side entrance, built low in a bush, wall or thatch into which three to six white eggs are laid. The nest of this species is parasitised by the village indigobird.

References
  1. BirdLife International (2018). "Lagonosticta senegala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22719440A132129091. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22719440A132129091.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. MaghrebOrnitho. 2017. Expansion of Red-billed Firefinch in Algeria. Consulted: 26 January 2019.
  3. Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 3. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 208–210, Plate 10 fig 2. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
  4. Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335. hdl:2246/678.
  5. Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 320.
  6. Cabanis, Jean; Heine, Ferdinand (1860). Museum Heineanum : Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt (in German and Latin). Vol. 1. Halberstadt: R. Frantz. p. 171.
  7. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  8. "Lagonosticta senegala rhodopsis (Sahel red-billed firefinch/Adamawa red-billed firefinch) - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  9. "Lagonosticta senegala brunneiceps (Abyssinian red-billed firefinch) - Zootierliste". zootierliste.de/en. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  10. "Lagonosticta senegala somaliensis (Lake Abaya red-billed firefinch/Somali red-billed firefinch) - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  11. "Lagonosticta senegala ruberrima (Uganda red-billed firefinch) - Zootierliste". zootierliste.de/en. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  12. "Lagonosticta senegala rendalli (Southern red-billed firefinch) - Zootierliste". zootierliste.de/en. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  • Birds of The Gambia by Barlow, Wacher and Disley, ISBN 1-873403-32-1
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