Remanence

Fig. 1 A family of AC hysteresis loops for grain-oriented electrical steel (B_r denotes remanence and H_c is the coercivity).

The default definition of magnetic remanence is the magnetization remaining in zero field after a large magnetic field is applied (enough to achieve saturation).[1] The effect of a magnetic hysteresis loop is measured using instruments such as a vibrating sample magnetometer; and the zero-field intercept is a measure of the remanence. In physics this measure is converted to an average magnetization (the total magnetic moment divided by the volume of the sample) and denoted in equations as M_r. If it must be distinguished from other kinds of remanence, then it is called the saturation remanence or saturation isothermal remanence (SIRM) and denoted by M_rs.

In engineering applications the residual magnetization is often measured using a B-H analyzer, which measures the response to an AC magnetic field (as in Fig. 1). This is represented by a flux density B_r. This value of remanence is one of the most important parameters characterizing permanent magnets; it measures the strongest magnetic field they can produce. Neodymium magnets, for example, have a remanence approximately equal to 1.3 Tesla.

Often a single measure of remanence does not provide adequate information on a magnet. For example, magnetic tapes contain a large number of small magnetic particles (see magnetic storage), and these particles are not identical. Magnetic minerals in rocks may have a wide range of magnetic properties (see rock magnetism). One way to look inside these materials is to add or subtract small increments of remanence. One way of doing this is first demagnetizing the magnet in an AC field, and then applying a field H and removing it. This remanence, denoted by M_r(H), depends on the field.[5] It is called the initial remanence[6] or the isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM).[7]

Another kind of IRM can be obtained by first giving the magnet a saturation remanence in one direction and then applying and removing a magnetic field in the opposite direction.[5] This is called demagnetization remanence or DC demagnetization remanence and is denoted by symbols like M_d(H), where H is the magnitude of the field.[8] Yet another kind of remanence can be obtained by demagnetizing the saturation remanence in an ac field. This is called AC demagnetization remanence or alternating field demagnetization remanence and is denoted by symbols like M_af(H).

If the particles are noninteracting single-domain particles with uniaxial anisotropy, there are simple linear relations between the remanences.[5]

Another kind of laboratory remanence is anhysteretic remanence or anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM). This is induced by exposing a magnet to a large alternating field plus a small DC bias field. The amplitude of the alternating field is gradually reduced to zero to get an anhysteretic magnetization, and then the bias field is removed to get the remanence. The anhysteretic magnetization curve is often close to an average of the two branches of the hysteresis loop,[9] and is assumed in some models to represent the lowest-energy state for a given field.[10] There are several ways for experimental measurement of the anhysteretic magnetization curve, based on fluxmeters and DC biased demagnetization.[11] ARM has also been studied because of its similarity to the write process in some magnetic recording technology[12] and to the acquisition of natural remanent magnetization in rocks.[13]