Combined Fleet
The Combined Fleet (聯合艦隊, Rengō Kantai) was the main sea-going component of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Until 1933, the Combined Fleet was not a permanent organization, but a temporary force formed for the duration of a conflict or major naval maneuvers from various units normally under separate commands in peacetime.
Combined Fleet | |
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聯合艦隊 (Rengō Kantai) | |
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Active | 1894–1945 |
Country | ![]() |
Allegiance | ![]() |
Branch | ![]() |
Type | Sea-going component of the Imperial Japanese Navy |
Engagements | First Sino-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War World War I Second Sino-Japanese War World War II |
Commanders | |
Notable commanders | Tōgō Heihachirō Isoroku Yamamoto |
Insignia | |
Identification symbol |
History
Sino-Japanese War (1894–95)
The Combined Fleet was formally created for the first time on 18 July 1894 by the merger of the Standing Fleet and the Western Fleet. The Standing Fleet (also known as the Readiness Fleet) contained the navy's most modern and combat-capable warships. The Western Fleet was a reserve force consisting primarily of obsolete ships deemed unsuitable for front-line combat operations, but still suitable for commerce protection and coastal defense. Vice-admiral Itō Sukeyuki was appointed the first Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet[1] for the duration of the first Sino-Japanese War against China.
Russo-Japanese War (1904–05)
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The Combined Fleet was re-formed during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 to provide a unified overall command for the three separate fleets in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The 1st Fleet was the main battleship force, which formed the backbone of the navy and was intended to be used in a traditional line of battle showdown with an equivalent enemy battleship fleet (Kantai Kessen). The 2nd Fleet was a fast, mobile strike force with armored cruisers and protected cruisers. The 3rd Fleet was primarily a reserve fleet of obsolete vessels considered too weak for front-line combat service, but which could still be used in the operation to blockade Port Arthur. Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō was commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during the Russo-Japanese War.
Interwar years
The Combined Fleet was not maintained as a permanent organization, but was temporarily created when necessary during fleet maneuvers or when called for by extraordinary circumstances. Thus, during the period from 1905 to 1924, the Combined Fleet was created only sporadically as the occasion or circumstances dictated, and disbanded immediately afterwards.
In 1924, the Imperial Japanese Navy declared in an edict on fleet organization that "for the time being" the Combined Fleet would be a standing organization consisting of the IJN 1st Fleet and IJN 2nd Fleet. As this was not intended to be "permanent" and since the commander of IJN 1st Fleet concurrently directed the Combined Fleet, the Combined Fleet was not given a Headquarters staff of its own.
From 1933, with the Mukden Incident and the increasing tension with China, a permanent HQ staff for the Combined Fleet was established. By the late 1930s, it included most of Japan's warships—only the base units, the Special Naval Landing Forces, and the China Area Fleet lay outside the Combined Fleet.
World War II
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The Combined Fleet came under direct command of the Imperial General Headquarters in 1937. With the start of the Pacific War with the attack on Pearl Harbor carried out by Combined Fleet's Kido Butai (1st Air Fleet), the Combined Fleet became almost synonymous with the Imperial Japanese Navy, under the command of admiral Isoroku Yamamoto till April 1943 when he died after his plane was shot-down by US air forces over Bougainville Island. It comprised the battleships, aircraft carriers, aircraft, and the components that made up the main fighting strength of the IJN. It was first mobilized on the whole for the Battle of Midway. After the devastating carrier losses at Midway and in the Solomon Islands campaign, the navy re-organized into a number of "Area Fleets" for local operational control of various geographic zones. The Combined Fleet then evolved into more of an administrative organization.
As the war situation deteriorated for the Japanese and the territories controlled by the "Area Fleets" fell one after another to the United States Navy, the Imperial General Headquarters and the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff acted to force the American fleet into a "decisive battle" in the Philippines per the Kantai Kessen philosophy. In the resultant Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf the Japanese fleet was severely depleted. The remnants of the Combined Fleet fled to Okinawa, but further operations were hindered by lack of fuel and air cover. By the time of the final suicide mission of the battleship Yamato in Operation Ten-Go, the Combined Fleet had ceased to exist as an effective combat force.
Commander-in-Chief (司令長官, Shireichōkan)
No. | Portrait | Commander-in-Chief | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Itō Sukeyuki 伊藤祐亨 (1843–1914) | Vice Admiral18 July 1894 | 11 May 1895 | 297 days | |
2 | Arichi Shinanojō[lower-alpha 2] 有地品之允 (1843–1919) | Vice Admiral11 May 1895 | 16 November 1895[lower-alpha 3] | 189 days | |
3 | (when appointed) Admiral (from 6 June 1904) Tōgō Heihachirō 東郷平八郎 (1848–1934) | Vice Admiral28 December 1903 | 20 December 1905[lower-alpha 4] | 1 year, 357 days | |
4 | Baron Ijūin Gorō 伊集院五郎 (1852–1921) | Vice Admiral8 October 1908 | 20 November 1908 | 43 days | |
5 | Yoshimatsu Shigetarō 吉松茂太郎 (1859–1935) | Vice Admiral1 November 1915 | 13 December 1915 | 42 days | |
(5) | Yoshimatsu Shigetarō 吉松茂太郎 (1859–1935) | Vice Admiral1 September 1916 | 14 October 1916 | 43 days | |
(5) | Yoshimatsu Shigetarō 吉松茂太郎 (1859–1935) | Admiral1 October 1917 | 22 October 1917 | 21 days | |
6 | Yamashita Gentarō 山下源太郎 (1863–1931) | Admiral1 September 1918 | 15 October 1918 | 44 days | |
(6) | Yamashita Gentarō 山下源太郎 (1863–1931) | Admiral1 June 1919 | 28 October 1919 | 149 days | |
7 | Yamaya Tanin 山屋他人 (1866–1940) | Admiral1 May 1920 | 24 August 1920 | 115 days | |
8 | Tochinai Sojirō 栃内曽次郎 (1866–1932) | Admiral24 August 1920 | 31 October 1920 | 68 days | |
(8) | Tochinai Sojirō 栃内曽次郎 (1866–1932) | Admiral1 May 1921 | 31 October 1921 | 183 days | |
9 | (when appointed) Admiral (from 3 August 1923) Takeshita Isamu 竹下勇 (1870–1949) | Vice Admiral1 December 1922[lower-alpha 5] | 27 January 1924 | 1 year, 57 days | |
10 | Admiral Kantarō Suzuki 鈴木貫太郎 (1868–1948) | 27 January 1924 | 1 December 1924 | 309 days | |
11 | Okada Keisuke 岡田啓介 (1868–1952) | Admiral1 December 1924 | 10 December 1926 | 2 years, 9 days | |
12 | (when appointed) Admiral (from 1 April 1927) Katō Hiroharu 加藤寛治 (1870–1939) | Vice Admiral10 December 1926 | 10 December 1928 | 2 years | |
13 | Taniguchi Naomi 谷口尚真 (1870–1941) | Admiral10 December 1928 | 11 November 1929 | 336 days | |
14 | (when appointed) Admiral (from 1 March 1931) Yamamoto Eisuke 山本英輔 (1876–1962) | Vice Admiral11 November 1929 | 1 December 1931 | 2 years, 20 days | |
15 | (when appointed) Admiral (from 1 April 1933) Kobayashi Seizō 小林躋造 (1877–1962) | Vice Admiral1 December 1931 | 15 November 1933 | 1 year, 349 days | |
16 | (when appointed) Admiral (from 30 March 1934) Suetsugu Nobumasa 末次信正 (1880–1944) | Vice Admiral15 November 1933 | 15 November 1934 | 1 year | |
17 | (when appointed) Admiral (from 1 April 1936) Takahashi Sankichi 高橋三吉 (1882–1966) | Vice Admiral15 November 1934 | 1 December 1936 | 2 years, 16 days | |
18 | Yonai Mitsumasa 米内光政 (1880–1948) | Vice Admiral1 December 1936 | 2 February 1937 | 63 days | |
19 | Nagano Osami 永野修身 (1880–1947) | Admiral2 February 1937 | 1 December 1937 | 302 days | |
20 | Yoshida Zengo 吉田善吾 (1885–1966) | Vice Admiral1 December 1937 | 30 August 1939 | 1 year, 272 days | |
21 | (when appointed) Admiral (from 15 November 1940)[lower-alpha 6] Yamamoto Isoroku 山本五十六 (1884–1943) | Vice Admiral30 August 1939 | 18 April 1943[lower-alpha 7] † | 3 years, 231 days | |
22 | [lower-alpha 8] Koga Mine'ichi 古賀峯一 (1885–1944) | Admiral21 May 1943 | 31 March 1944[lower-alpha 9] † | 315 days | |
23 | Toyoda Soemu 豊田副武 (1885–1957) | Admiral3 May 1944 | 29 May 1945 | 1 year, 26 days | |
24 | [lower-alpha 10] Ozawa Jisaburō 小沢治三郎 (1886–1966) | Vice Admiral29 May 1945 | 10 October 1945[lower-alpha 11] | 134 days |
Chief of Staff (参謀長, Sanbōchō)
No. | Portrait | Chief of Staff | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Samejima Kazunori 鮫島員規 (1845–1910) | Captain19 July 1894 | 17 December 1894 | 151 days | |
2 | Dewa Shigetō 出羽重遠 (1856–1930) | Captain17 December 1894 | 25 July 1895 | 220 days | |
3 | Kamimura Hikonojō 上村彦之丞 (1849–1916) | Captain25 July 1895 | 16 November 1895 | 114 days | |
4 | Shimamura Hayao 島村速雄 (1858–1923) | Captain28 December 1903 | 12 January 1905 | 1 year, 15 days | |
5 | Katō Tomosaburō 加藤友三郎 (1861–1923) | Rear Admiral12 January 1905 | 20 December 1905 | 342 days | |
6 | Yamashita Gentarō 山下源太郎 (1863–1931) | Captain8 October 1908 | 20 November 1908 | 43 days | |
7 | Yamanaka Shibakichi 山中柴吉 (1870–1941) | Rear Admiral1 November 1915 | 13 December 1915 | 42 days | |
8 | Horiuchi Saburō 堀内三郎 (1869–1933) | Vice Admiral1 September 1916 | 14 October 1916 | 43 days | |
(8) | Horiuchi Saburō 堀内三郎 (1869–1933) | Vice Admiral1 October 1917 | 22 October 1917 | 21 days | |
9 | Saitō Hanroku 斎藤半六 (1869–1952) | Rear Admiral1 September 1918 | 15 October 1918 | 44 days | |
10 | Funakoshi Kajishirō 舟越楫四郎 (1870–1962) | Rear Admiral1 June 1919 | 28 October 1919 | 149 days | |
11 | Yoshioka Hansaku 吉岡範策 (1869–1930) | Rear Admiral1 May 1920 | 31 October 1920 | 183 days | |
(11) | Yoshioka Hansaku 吉岡範策 (1869–1930) | Rear Admiral1 May 1921 | 31 October 1921 | 183 days | |
12 | Shirane Kumazō 白根熊三 (1876–1939) | Rear Admiral1 December 1922 | 1 December 1923 | 1 year | |
13 | Kabayama Kanari 樺山可也 (1876–1932) | Rear Admiral1 December 1923 | 10 November 1924 | 345 days | |
14 | Hara Kanjirō 原敢二郎 (1880–1948) | Captain10 November 1924 | 1 December 1925 | 1 year, 21 days | |
15 | Ōminato Naotarō 大湊直太郎 (1879–1958) | Rear Admiral1 December 1925 | 1 November 1926 | 335 days | |
16 | Takahashi Sankichi 高橋三吉 (1882–1966) | Rear Admiral1 November 1926 | 1 December 1927 | 1 year, 30 days | |
17 | Hamano Eijirō 濱野英次郎 (1880–1952) | Rear Admiral1 December 1927 | 10 December 1928 | 1 year, 9 days | |
18 | Terajima Ken 寺島健 (1882–1972) | Rear Admiral10 December 1928 | 30 October 1929 | 324 days | |
19 | Shiozawa Kōichi 塩沢幸一 (1881–1943) | Rear Admiral30 October 1929 | 1 December 1930 | 1 year, 32 days | |
20 | Shimada Shigetarō 嶋田繁太郎 (1883–1976) | Rear Admiral1 December 1930 | 1 December 1931 | 1 year | |
21 | Yoshida Zengo 吉田善吾 (1885–1966) | Rear Admiral1 December 1931 | 15 September 1933 | 1 year, 288 days | |
22 | Toyoda Soemu 豊田副武 (1885–1957) | Rear Admiral15 September 1933 | 15 March 1935 | 1 year, 181 days | |
23 | Kondō Nobutake 近藤信竹 (1886–1953) | Rear Admiral15 March 1935 | 15 November 1935 | 245 days | |
24 | Nomura Naokuni 野村直邦 (1885–1973) | Rear Admiral15 November 1935 | 16 November 1936 | 1 year, 1 day | |
25 | Iwashita Yasutarō 岩下保太郎 (1887–1937) | Rear Admiral16 November 1936 | 18 February 1937 † | 94 days | |
26 | Ozawa Jisaburō 小沢治三郎 (1886–1966) | Rear Admiral18 February 1937 | 15 November 1937 | 270 days | |
27 | Takahashi Ibō 高橋伊望 (1888–1947) | Rear Admiral15 November 1937 | 15 November 1939 | 2 year | |
28 | Fukudome Shigeru 福留繁 (1891–1971) | Rear Admiral15 November 1939 | 10 April 1941 | 1 year, 146 days | |
29 | Itō Seiichi 伊藤整一 (1890–1945) | Rear Admiral10 April 1941 | 1 August 1941 | 113 days | |
30 | (when appointed) Vice Admiral (from 1 November 1942) Ugaki Matome 宇垣纏 (1890–1945) | Rear Admiral1 August 1941 | 22 May 1943 | 1 year, 294 days | |
31 | Fukudome Shigeru 福留繁 (1891–1971) | Vice Admiral22 May 1943 | 6 April 1944 | 320 days | |
32 | (when appointed) Vice Admiral (from 1 May 1944) Kusaka Ryūnosuke 草鹿龍之介 (1893–1971) | Rear Admiral6 April 1944 | 24 June 1945 | 1 year, 79 days | |
33 | Yano Shikazō 矢野志加三 (1893–1966) | Rear Admiral25 June 1945 | 25 September 1945 | 92 days |
Vice Chief of Staff (参謀副長, Sanbō fukuchō)
No. | Portrait | Vice Chief of Staff | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kobayashi Kengo 小林謙五 (1893–1948) | Rear Admiral11 June 1943 | 10 September 1944 | 1 year, 91 days | |
2 | (when appointed) Rear Admiral (from 15 October 1944) Takada Toshitane 高田利種 (1895–1987) | Captain20 September 1944 | 10 May 1945 | 232 days | |
3 | Matsubara Hiroshi 松原博 (1896–1965) | Rear Admiral10 June 1945 | 15 September 1945 | 97 days | |
4 | Kikuchi Tomozō 菊池朝三 (1896–1988) | Rear Admiral25 June 1945 | 15 September 1945 | 82 days |
See also
Footnotes
- Created Baron on 5 June 1896.
- Created Baron on 5 June 1896.
- Forced into retirement on 21 October 1895 for boarding neutral vessels in search of Liu Yongfu, the fugitive president of the Republic of Formosa; Fleet dissolved.
- Fleet dissolved.
- Fleet recreated as permanent entity; given direct command over 1st Fleet.
- Promoted posthumously to Marshal Admiral.
- 1st Fleet separated from direct command on 11 August 1941.
- Promoted posthumously to Marshal Admiral.
- Killed in action when Kawanishi H8K ("Emily") flying boat crashed during a typhoon between Palau and Davao.
- Refused promotion to Admiral.
- Fleet surrendered.
References
Notes
Books
- D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN 0-8159-5302-X.
- Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-097-1.
External links
- Nishida, Hiroshi. "Imperial Japanese Navy". Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
- Wendel, Marcus. "Axis Database". Retrieved 25 August 2007.
- World War II Armed Forces – Orders of Battle and Organizations
- Nihon Kaigun