Combination tone

One way a difference tone can be heard is when two tones with fairly complete sets of harmonics make a just fifth. This can be explained as an example of the missing fundamental phenomenon.[4] If ${\displaystyle f}$ is the missing fundamental frequency, then ${\displaystyle 2f}$ would be the frequency of the lower tone, and its harmonics would be ${\displaystyle 4f,6f,8f,}$ etc. Since a fifth corresponds to a frequency ratio of 2:3, the higher tone and its harmonics would then be ${\displaystyle 3f,6f,9f,}$ etc. When both tones are sounded, there are components with frequencies of ${\displaystyle 2f,3f,4f,6f,8f,9f,}$ etc. The missing fundamental is heard because so many of these components refer to it.

The specific phenomenon that Tartini discovered was physical. Sum and difference tones are thought to be caused sometimes by the non-linearity of the inner ear. This causes intermodulation distortion of the various frequencies which enter the ear. They are combined linearly, generating relatively faint components with frequencies equal to the sums and differences of whole multiples of the original frequencies. Any components which are heard are usually lower, with the most commonly heard frequency being just the difference tone, ${\displaystyle f_{2}-f_{1}}$, though this may be a consequence of the other phenomena. Although much less common, the following frequencies may also be heard:

${\displaystyle 2f_{1}-f_{2},3f_{1}-2f_{2},\ldots ,f_{1}-k(f_{2}-f_{1})}$

For a time it was thought that the inner ear was solely responsible whenever a sum or difference tone was heard. However, experiments show evidence that even when using headphones providing a single pure tone to each ear separately, listeners may still hear a difference tone. Since the peculiar non-linear physics of the ear doesn't come into play in this case, it is thought that this must be a separate, neural phenomenon. Compare binaural beats.

Heinz Bohlen proposed what is now known as the Bohlen–Pierce scale on the basis of combination tones,[5] as well as the 833 cents scale.

A resultant tone is "produced when any two loud and sustained musical sounds are heard at the same time."[6]

In pipe organs,[7] this is done by having two pipes, one pipe of the note being played, and another harmonically related, typically at its fifth, being sounded at the same time. The result is a pitch at a common subharmonic of the pitches played (one octave below the first pitch when the second is the fifth, 3:2, two octaves below when the second is the major third, 5:4). This effect is useful especially in the lowest ranks of the pipe organ where cost or space could prohibit having a rank of such low pitch. For example, a 32' pipe would be costly and take up as much as 16' of vertical space (if capped) or more commonly 17-32' (if open-ended) for each pipe. Using a resultant tone for such low pitches reduces the cost and space factor, but does not sound as full as a true 32' pipe. The effect can be enhanced by using further ranks in the harmonic series of the desired resultant tone.

This effect is most often used in the lowest octave of the organ only. It can vary from highly effective to disappointing depending on several factors, primarily the skill of the organ voicer, and the acoustics of the room the instrument is installed in.

It is possible to produce a melody with resultant tones from multiple harmonics played by two or more instruments. There is an example with seven saxophones.

• Power chord#Analysis
• Ring modulation

• Adrianus J. M. Houtsma, Julius L. Goldstein, "Percepetion of Musical Intervals: Evidence for the Central Origin of the Pitch of Complex Tones", Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Technical Report 484, October 1, 1971.
• Adrian Wehlte, Trios for Two, Practice book with combination tones for two flutes or two recorders – Explanation and examples, Edition Floeno 2020, ISMN 979-0-9000114-2-8

• Titchener Difference Tones Training
• Difference tones on the harmonica
• Pitch Perception Lecture Notes
• Tartini computer program. Uses combination tones for pitch recognition. If certain intervals are played in double-stop, the program can display its Tartini-tone.
• http://www.organstops.org/r/Resultant.html