Microhyla
Microhyla, commonly known as the rice frogs or narrow-mouthed frogs, is a genus of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It consists of 42 species of diminutive frogs.[1] Members of this genus are widespread from Ryukyu Is. in Japan, and throughout South-east Asia, (China, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, India and Sri Lanka).[2]
| Microhyla | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Microhyla achatina | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Subfamily: | Microhylinae |
| Genus: | Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 |
| Type species | |
| Microhyla achatina Tschudi, 1838 | |
| Species | |
|
Over 40, see text. | |
Taxonomy
In 2021, nine species of Microhyla were moved to Nanohyla on the basis of morphological and phylogenetic differences.[1] Microhyla pulverata was found to be a junior synonym of Nanohyla marmorata based on phylogenetic evidence.[3]
Diagnosis
According to Seshadri et al. (2016),[4] this genus can be diagnosed using the following set of criteria: Adult frogs are of small size; pupil circular; skin on dorsum smooth; lateral side of body with markings from back of eye to vent; supratympanic fold present in adults; paratoid glands are absent, fingers without webbing, finger tips may or may not be dilated; oval tongue, its margin is entire and free at the base; the diameter of eye is smaller than snout; a thin layer of skin hides the tympanum; tubercles on hand distinct; distinct oval shaped inner metatarsal tubercle and rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; webbing in feet, rudimentary.
Evolutionary relationships
The genus Microhyla is closely related to Glyphoglossus within the family Microhylidae.[2][5] Members of the genus Microhyla began diversifying from the most common ancestor around 45 million years ago and this resulted in forming Metaphrynella and Microhyla.[5] However, ascertaining the phylogenetic relationship of frogs within Microhyla has been difficult as many species are not monophyletic.[6]
A 2021 study on the relationship between Microhyla and Glyphoglossus found that nine species within Microhyla actually belong to a separate lineage. They have been subsequently moved to the new genus, Nanohyla.[1]
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Microhyla:[2][4][7]
| Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
|---|---|
| Microhyla achatina Tschudi, 1838 | Javan rice frog, Javan chorus frog, Javanese narrow-mouthed frog |
| Microhyla aurantiventris Nguyen, Poyarkov, Nguyen, Nguyen, Tran, Gorin, Murphy, and Nguyen, 2019 | Orange-bellied narrow-mouth frog |
| Microhyla beilunensis Zhang, Fei, Ye, Wang, Wang, and Jiang, 2018 | Beilun pygmy frog |
| Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth, 1856) | Pegu rice frog, Berdmore's narrow-mouthed frog, Burmese microhylid frog, Berdmore's chorus frog |
| Microhyla borneensis Parker, 1928 | Borneo rice frog, Borneo narrow-mouthed frog, Bornean narrow-mouthed frog, Bornean chorus frog, long-snouted frog |
| Microhyla butleri Boulenger, 1900 | Butler's rice frog, Butler's ricefrog, Butler's narrow-mouthed Toad, Butler's pigmy frog, painted chorus frog, tubercled pygmy frog, noisy frog |
| Microhyla chakrapanii Pillai, 1977 | Mayabunder rice frog, Chakrapani's narrow-mouthed frog, bilateral banded frog |
| Microhyla darevskii [8] | Darevsky's Narrow-Mouth Frog, Darevsky's Pigmy Narrow-Mouth Frog (original publication). |
| Microhyla darreli Garg et al'., 2018 "2019" | Darrel's chorus frog |
| Microhyla eos Biju, Garg, Kamei, and Maheswaran, 2019 | Arunachal chorus frog |
| Microhyla fanjingshanensis Li, Zhang, Xu, Lv, and Jiang, 2019 | Fanjing Mountain pygmy frog |
| Microhyla fissipes Boulenger, 1884 | Ornamented pygmy frog, ornata microhylid frog, Malayan bullfrog, ornate narrow-mouthed frog, ornate narrowmouth frog, ornate pigmy frog, ornate chorus frog |
| Microhyla fodiens Poyarkov, Gorin, Zaw, Kretova, Gogoleva, Pawangkhanant, and Che, 2019 | Burrowing narrow-mouth frog |
| Microhyla fusca Andersson, 1942 | Brown rice frog, Dalat pigmy frog |
| Microhyla gadjahmadai Atmaja, Hamidy, Arisuryanti, Matsui, and Smith, 2018 | |
| Microhyla heymonsi Vogt, 1911 | Taiwan rice frog, Heymon's ricefrog, dark-sided chorus frog, arcuate-spotted pygmy frog, Heymon's narrow-mouthed frog, Heymon's narrow-mouthed toad, burrowing microhylid frog, black-sided narrow-mouthed frog, black-flanked pigmy frog |
| Microhyla irrawaddy Poyarkov, Gorin, Zaw, Kretova, Gogoleva, Pawangkhanant, and Che, 2019 | Irrawaddy narrowmouth frog |
| Microhyla karunaratnei Fernando & Siriwardhane, 1996 | |
| Microhyla kodial Kumar and Aravind, 2018[9] | Mangaluru narrow-mouthed frog |
| Microhyla kuramotoi Matsui & Tominaga, 2020 | |
| Microhyla laterite Seshadri et al., 2016[4] | Laterite narrow-mouthed frog |
| Microhyla maculifera Inger, 1989 | Sabah rice frog |
| Microhyla malang Matsui, 2011 | |
| Microhyla mantheyi Das, Yaakob, and Sukumaran, 2007 | |
| Microhyla mihintalei Wijayathilaka et al., 2016[10] | Sri Lanka red narrow-mouthed frog |
| Microhyla minuta [8] | Tiny Narrow-Mouth Frog, Tiny Pigmy Narrow-Mouth Frog |
| Microhyla mixtura Liu & Hu in Hu, Zhao, & Liu, 1966 | Chinese rice frog, mixtured pigmy frog |
| Microhyla mukhlesuri Hasan et al. 2014 | |
| Microhyla mymensinghensis Hasan et al. 2014 | |
| Microhyla nilphamariensis Howlader et al. 2015 | |
| Microhyla okinavensis Stejneger, 1901 | Okinawa rice frog |
| Microhyla orientalis Matsui, Hamidy & Eto, 2013[11] | |
| Microhyla ornata (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) | Ant frog, ornate narrow-mouthed frog, ornate narrowmouth frog, ornate rice frog, ornate ricefrog, black-throated frog |
| Microhyla palmipes Boulenger, 1897 | Pengalengan rice frog, palmated chorus frog, palmated narrow-mouthed frog |
| Microhyla picta Schenkel, 1901 | Painted rice frog |
| Microhyla pineticola [8] | Pine Narrow-Mouth Frog, Pine Pigmy Narrow-Mouth Frog |
| Microhyla pulchra (Hallowell, 1861) | Guangdong rice frog, marbled pigmy frog, yellow-legged pigmy frog, beautiful pygmy frog, painted frog, yellow-legged narrow-mouthed frog |
| Microhyla rubra (Jerdon, 1854) | Guangdong rice frog, red narrow-mouthed frog, densely spotted microhylid frog |
| Microhyla sholigari Dutta & Ray, 2000 | |
| Microhyla superciliaris Parker, 1928 | Batu Cave rice frog |
| Microhyla taraiensis Khatiwada, 2017 | |
| Microhyla zeylanica Parker & Osman-Hill, 1949 | Sri Lanka rice frog |
In central Vietnam, several new species of Microhyla have been described in the 2000s:
- Microhyla darevskii: Mount Ngọc Linh, Kon Tum Province
- Microhyla minuta: Đồng Nai Province
- Microhyla pineticola: Lâm Đồng Province and Đắk Lắk Province
Several new species of Microhyla have been described since 2018.
Phylogeny
The following phylogeny of the genus Microhyla is from Khatiwada, et al. (2017).[12] 27 species are listed, including various newly described species from South Asia. (Note: the chart below includes some species that have since been moved to Nanohyla including N. annectens and N. perparva.)
| Microhyla |
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References
- Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DB, Poyarkov NA (2021-12-01). "Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 97 (1): 21–54. doi:10.3897/zse.97.57968. ISSN 1435-1935.
- Frost, Darrel R. 2016. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
- Gorin VA, Solovyeva EN, Hasan M, Okamiya H, Karunarathna DM, Pawangkhanant P, et al. (2020-07-03). "A little frog leaps a long way: compounded colonizations of the Indian Subcontinent discovered in the tiny Oriental frog genus Microhyla (Amphibia: Microhylidae)". PeerJ. 8: e9411. doi:10.7717/peerj.9411. PMC 7337035. PMID 32685285.
- Seshadri KS, Singal R, Priti H, Ravikanth G, Vidisha MK, Saurabh S, et al. (2016). "Microhyla laterite sp. nov., A New Species of Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from a Laterite Rock Formation in South West India". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0149727. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1149727S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149727. PMC 4784882. PMID 26960208.
- Roelants K, Gower DJ, Wilkinson M, Loader SP, Biju SD, Guillaume K, et al. (January 2007). "Global patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (3): 887–92. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104..887R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608378104. PMC 1783409. PMID 17213318.
- Peloso PL, Frost DR, Richards SJ, Rodrigues MT, Donnellan S, Matsui M, et al. (2015). "The impact of anchored phylogenomics and taxon sampling on phylogenetic inference in narrow‐mouthed frogs (Anura, Microhylidae)". Cladistics. 32 (2): 1–28. doi:10.1111/cla.12118. S2CID 84925667.
- Matsui M, Tominaga A (2020-08-28). "Distinct Species Status of a Microhyla from the Yaeyama Group of the Southern Ryukyus, Japan (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae)". Current Herpetology. 39 (2): 120. doi:10.5358/hsj.39.120. ISSN 1345-5834.
- Poyarkov Jr NA, Vassilieva AB, Orlov NL, Galoyan EA, Dao TT, Le DT, et al. (2014). "Taxonomy and distribution of narrow-mouth frogs of the genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Anura: Microhylidae) from Vietnam with descriptions of five new species". Russian Journal of Herpetology. 21: 89–148.
- Perinchery A (2018-05-16). "Newest frog for India from Karnataka". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
- Wijayathilaka N, Garg S, Senevirathne G, Karunarathna N, Biju SD, Meegaskumbura M (January 2016). "A new species of Microhyla (Anura: Microhylidae) from Sri Lanka: an integrative taxonomic approach". Zootaxa. 4066 (3): 331–42. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.9. PMID 27395556.
- Matsui M, Hamidy A, Eto K (2013). "Description of a new species of Microhyla from Bali, Indonesia (Amphibia, Anura)". Zootaxa. 3670 (4): 579–90. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3670.4.9. PMID 26438961.
- Khatiwada JR, Shu GC, Wang SH, Thapa A, Wang B, Jiang J (April 2017). "A new species of the genus Microhyla (Anura: Microhylidae) from Eastern Nepal". Zootaxa. 4254 (2): 221–239. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4254.2.4. PMID 28609972.
External links
- "Microhyla" at the Encyclopedia of Life
