Richard Winters

Winters at Camp Toccoa, 1942

On August 25, 1941, Winters enlisted in the Army.[2]^: 6 He would write in his memoirs that he "had no desire to get into the war" but joined to fulfill a one-year requirement of service[4] and to avoid being drafted later.[2]^: 6

In September, he underwent basic training at Camp Croft, South Carolina.[2]^: 7 He remained at Camp Croft to help train draftees and other volunteers, while the rest of his battalion was deployed to Panama. In April 1942, four months after the United States entered World War II, he was selected to attend Officer Candidate School (OCS) at Fort Benning, Georgia.[2]^: 8–9 There he became friends with Lewis Nixon, with whom he would serve throughout the war.[2]^: 13 He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the infantry after graduating from OCS on July 2, 1942.[2]^: 13

During his officer training, Winters decided to join the parachute infantry, part of the U.S. Army's new airborne forces.[2]^: 12 Upon completing training, he returned to Camp Croft to train another class of draftees as there were no positions available in the paratroopers at that time. After five weeks, he received orders to join the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment (506th PIR) at Camp Toccoa (formerly Camp Toombs) in Georgia.[2]^: 14 The 506th was commanded by Colonel Robert Sink.

Winters arrived at Toccoa in mid-August 1942 and was assigned to Company E, 2nd Battalion, 506th PIR,[2]^: 16–17 which later became better known as "Easy Company" in accordance with the contemporaneous Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet. Serving under First Lieutenant Herbert Sobel, Winters was made platoon leader of 2nd Platoon, earning a promotion to first lieutenant in October 1942[5]^: 25[2]^: 39 and made acting company executive officer,[3] although this was not made official until May 1943.[2]^: 39 The 506th PIR was an experimental unit, the first regiment to undertake airborne training as a formed unit.[5]^: 18 The training at Toccoa was very tough. Of the 500 officers who had volunteered, only 148 completed the course; of 5,000 enlisted volunteers, only 1,800 were ultimately selected for duty as paratroopers.[5]^: 18[2]^: 18

On June 10, 1943, after more tactical training at Camp Mackall, North Carolina, the 506th PIR was attached to Major General William Lee's 101st "Screaming Eagles" Airborne Division.[5]^: 39 Later in the year, they embarked on the Samaria, and arrived in Liverpool on 15 September 1943.[5]^: 44 They proceeded to Aldbourne, Wiltshire, where they began intense training for the Allied invasion of Europe planned for spring 1944.[5]^: 45

In November and December 1943, while Easy Company was at Aldbourne, the tension that had been brewing between Winters and Sobel came to a head.[5]^: 47–52 For some time, Winters had privately held concerns over Sobel's ability to lead the company in combat. Many of the enlisted men in the company had come to respect Winters for his competence and had also developed their own concerns about Sobel's leadership.[5]^: 48 Winters later said that he never wanted to compete with Sobel for command of Easy Company; still, Sobel attempted to bring Winters up on trumped-up charges for "failure to carry out a lawful order".[5]^: 51 Feeling that his punishment was unjust, Winters requested that the charge be reviewed by court-martial. After Winters' punishment was set aside by the battalion commander, Major Robert L. Strayer, Sobel brought Winters up on another charge the following day. During the investigation, Winters was transferred to the Headquarters Company and appointed as the battalion mess officer.[5]^: 52

In the wake of this incident, several of the company's non-commissioned officers (NCOs) delivered an ultimatum to the regimental commander, Colonel Sink, threatening to surrender their stripes unless Sobel was replaced. Winters tried unsuccessfully to talk them out of taking this step.[5]^: 53 Sink was not impressed by the threat, and several of the NCOs were subsequently demoted or transferred out of the company. Nevertheless, he realized that something had to be done and decided[5]^: 54 to transfer Sobel out of Easy Company, giving him command of a new parachute training school at Chilton Foliat.[2]^: 57 Winters' court-martial was set aside and he returned to Easy Company as leader of 1st Platoon. Winters later said he felt that despite his differences with Sobel, at least part of Easy Company's success had been due to Sobel's strenuous training and high expectations.[2]^: 287 In February 1944, First Lieutenant Thomas Meehan was given command of Easy Company.[2]^: 57

Meehan remained in command of the company until the invasion of Normandy, when at about 1:15 a.m. on June 6, 1944, D-Day, the C-47 Skytrain transporting the company Headquarters Section was shot down by German anti-aircraft fire, killing everyone on board.[2]^: 78–79 Winters jumped that night and landed safely near Sainte-Mère-Église.[2]^: 80 Losing his weapon during the drop, he nevertheless oriented himself, assembled several paratroopers, including members of the 82nd Airborne Division, and proceeded toward the unit's assigned objective near Sainte-Marie-du-Mont.[5]^: 76 With Meehan's fate unknown, Winters became the de facto commanding officer (CO) of Easy Company, which he remained for the duration of the Normandy campaign.[5]^: 92

Later that day, Winters led an attack that destroyed a battery of German 105mm howitzers,[6] which were firing onto the causeways that served as the principal exits from Utah Beach.[5]^: 78–84 The Americans estimated that the guns were defended by about a platoon of 50 German troops, while Winters had 13 men.[5]^: 78–84 This action south of the village of Le Grand-Chemin, called the Brécourt Manor Assault, has been taught at the military academy at West Point as an example of a textbook assault on a fixed position by a numerically inferior force.[4] In addition to destroying the battery, Winters also obtained a map that showed German gun emplacements near Utah Beach.[2]^: 88

On July 1, 1944, Winters was told that he had been promoted to captain.[2]^: 112 The next day, he was presented with the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, then the commander of the U.S. First Army.[2]^: 112 Shortly after, the 506th Parachute Infantry was withdrawn from France and returned to Aldbourne, England, for reorganization.[2]^: 112 The citation for his DSC reads as follows:

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to First Lieutenant (Infantry) Richard D. Winters (ASN: 0-1286582), United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy while serving with Company E, 2d Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division, in action against enemy forces on 6 June 1944, in France. First Lieutenant Winters with seven enlisted men, advanced through intense enemy automatic weapons fire, putting out of action two guns of the battery of four 88-mm. that were shelling the beachhead. Unswerving in his determination to complete his self-appointed and extremely hazardous task, First Lieutenant Winters and his group withdrew for reinforcements. He returned with tank support and the remaining two guns were put out of action, resulting in decreased opposition to our forces landing on the beachhead. First Lieutenant Winters' heroic and determined leadership exemplify the highest traditions of the military forces of the United States and reflect great credit upon himself, the 101st Airborne Division, and the United States Army.[1]

In September 1944, the 506th PIR parachuted into the Netherlands, near the village of Son, north of Eindhoven, as part of Operation Market Garden, a combined airborne and armored operation. On 5 October 1944, a German force attacked the 2nd Battalion's flank and threatened to break through the American lines. At the same time, four men in an Easy Company patrol were wounded.[2]^{: 136–137} Returning to headquarters, they reported that they had encountered a large group of Germans at a crossroads about 1,300 yards (1,200 m) to the east of the company command post.[2]^: 137 Realizing the seriousness of the situation, Winters took one squad from 1st Platoon, and moved off toward the crossroads, where they observed a German machine gun firing to the south, toward the battalion headquarters, from a long distance.[2]^: 137 After surveying the position, Winters led the squad in an assault on the gun crew.[2]^: 138 Soon after taking the position, the squad took fire from a German position opposite them. Estimating that this position was held by at least a platoon, Winters called for reinforcements from the rest of the 1st Platoon and led them in a successful assault. Later it was discovered there had been at least 300 Germans.[2]^: 145

On October 9, Winters became the battalion executive officer (XO), following the death of the battalion's former XO, Major Oliver Horton.[2]^: 147 Although this position was normally held by a major, Winters filled it as a captain. The 101st Airborne Division was withdrawn to France soon afterward.

On December 16, 1944, German forces launched a counter-offensive against the Western Allies in Belgium, commencing the Battle of the Bulge. The 101st Airborne Division was trucked to the Bastogne area two days later. Still serving as XO of the 2nd Battalion, Winters helped defend the line northeast of Bastogne near the town of Foy.[5]^{: 179–212} The entire 101st Airborne and elements of the 10th Armored Division battled about 15 German divisions, supported by heavy artillery and armor, for nearly a week before Lieutenant General George Patton's U.S. Third Army broke through the German lines surrounding Bastogne, reopening ground supply lines.[5]^{: 179–212}

After being relieved by Patton, the 2nd Battalion attacked Foy on January 9, 1945.[5]^: 205 On March 8, 1945, the 2nd Battalion was moved to Haguenau in Alsace, after which Winters was promoted to major.[2]^: 200 Shortly afterwards, Robert Strayer, now a lieutenant colonel, was elevated to the regimental staff and Winters took over as acting commander of the 2nd Battalion.[5]^: 221[2]^: 202

In April, the battalion carried out defensive duties along the Rhine before deploying to Bavaria later in the month.[2]^{: 209–213} In early May, the 101st Airborne Division received orders to capture Berchtesgaden.[2]^: 216 The 2nd Battalion set out from the town of Thale through streams of surrendering German soldiers and reached the alpine retreat at noon on 5 May 1945.[2]^: 217 Three days later, the war in Europe ended.[2]^: 224

After the end of hostilities, Winters remained in Europe as the process of occupation and demobilization began. Even though he had enough points to return to the United States, he was told that he was needed in Germany.[2]^: 243 Later, he was offered a regular (non-reserve) commission, but declined it.[5]^: 283 He finally embarked from Marseille aboard the Wooster Victory on 4 November 1945.[2]^: 254 He was separated from the Army on November 29, 1945,[2]^: 254 although he was not officially discharged until January 22, 1946, and he remained on terminal leave until then.[2]^: 255

Winters was recommended for the Medal of Honor for his leadership at Brécourt Manor, but instead received the U.S. Army's second-highest award for combat valor, the Distinguished Service Cross.[5]^: 85 After the release of the Band of Brothers television miniseries, Representative Tim Holden (D-PA) introduced a bill asking the President to grant the Medal, but the bill died in the House Armed Services Committee Subcommittee on Military Personnel in 2007.[7]

Winters in 2004

After leaving the Army, Winters worked for his close wartime friend Captain Lewis Nixon at Nixon's family business, Nixon Nitration Works of Raritan, New Jersey (now Edison Township), rising to become general manager in 1950.[5]^: 306 On May 16, 1948, Winters married Ethel Estoppey[3][2]^: 256 and continued to pursue his education through the GI Bill, attending a number of business and personnel management courses at Rutgers University.[2]^: 256

In June 1951, Winters was recalled to active duty in the Army during the Korean War.[2]^: 256 He was ordered to join the 11th Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, but he was given six months to report and in this time he traveled to Washington, D.C., to speak to General Anthony McAuliffe, in the hope that he could convince the Army not to send him to Korea.[2]^: 256 He explained to McAuliffe that he had seen enough of war and apparently McAuliffe understood his position, but explained that he was needed because of his command experience. Winters then reported to Fort Dix, New Jersey, where he was assigned as a regimental planning and training officer.[2]^: 257

While at Fort Dix, Winters became disillusioned with his job, finding that he had little enthusiasm for training officers who lacked discipline and did not attend their scheduled classes. As a result, he volunteered to attend Ranger School, where he passed and became a Ranger.[2]^: 257 He then received orders to deploy to Korea and traveled to Seattle, where, during pre-deployment administration, he was offered the option of resigning his commission, which he accepted.[2]^: 257

On June 6, 2012, the 68th anniversary of the D-Day landings, the Richard D. Winters Leadership Monument, featuring a 12-foot (3.7 m) bronze statue of Winters by sculptor Stephen C. Spears[14] was unveiled near the village of Sainte-Marie-du-Mont, France 49.3915°N 1.21345°W / 49.3915; -1.21345 (Winters statue).[15] Winters agreed for the statue to bear his resemblance on the condition that the monument would be dedicated to all junior officers who served and died during the Normandy landings.[16] Among the attendees were World War II veterans, former Pennsylvania governor and first Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge and Maj. Gen. Jim McConville, the 101st Airborne's commanding officer.[17] During celebrations of the 70th anniversary of the landings in 2014, a party including Lewis, fellow Band of Brothers cast members Ross McCall (Technician 5th Grade Joseph Liebgott) and James Madio (Technician 4th Grade Frank Perconte) and Private 1st Class Jim "Pee Wee" Martin of G Company, 3rd Battalion of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment laid a wreath there.[18]

A cast of the sculpture was placed in Ephrata, Pennsylvania, in a plaza on the Ephrata-to-Warwick linear trail park near Railroad Avenue and East Fulton Street, where Winters lived with his family from ages two to eight.[19] That statue was dedicated on May 25, 2015.[14]

Some of Winters' World War II uniforms and memorabilia are on display at two museums:

• December 44 Museum (Battle of the Bulge – La Gleize, Belgium)
• Gettysburg Museum of History (Gettysburg Pennsylvania)