Robert Abbott (game designer)

The first logic maze ever published, Traffic Maze in Floyd's Knob, appeared in the October 1962 issue of Scientific American in the Mathematical Games column.[7][8][9]

The maze looks like a street grid, with arrows pointing down various roads at each intersection. When one comes to an intersection, only arrows leading from the road you are on to another road can be followed. One must continue in this fashion, following the arrows at the intersection, until the end is reached. When you come to an intersection from one direction, you have different options for which road to take than you would coming into the intersection from another direction; therefore, this can be defined as a "multi-state" or "logic" maze.[9]

Where are the Cows? was one of Abbott's most difficult mazes. It first appeared in his book SuperMazes. Abbott warns readers that it "may be too difficult for anyone to solve."[24] Since then, it has also appeared as the titular maze in the book Cows in the Maze.[20]

The complexity in Where are the Cows? includes self-reference, changing rules, and flow charts. It is also worded so as to provoke confusion between an object (such as red text), a reference to an object (such as the word "red"), and even more subtle references (the word "word"). The maze ends up being so complicated that it can even be difficult to work out the next move, let alone the end. In this maze, you have to use two hands, each starting at a different place. The instructions in one box might have to do with the box that the other hand is in, boxes you have already left, or complex combinations of the two.[25]

Theseus and the Minotaur is another of Abbott's better-known mazes. It first appeared in his book Mad Mazes. Like Where are the Cows? in SuperMazes, Abbott said that this "is the hardest maze in the book; in fact, it is possible that no one will solve it."[10] Since then, several different versions of it have appeared, made by others, following the same theme, both on paper and in electronic forms.[26]

Baroque chess, or Ultima, was the only board game in the book Abbott's New Card Games. Abbott's reasoning for including this non-card game in a card game book was that chess pieces are as plentiful as playing cards, and in this book, he wanted to introduce new games that did not require special equipment. Abbott's friends, once he started teaching it to them, began to call the game "Abbott's Ultima," which he did not like at all.[28] However, the publisher, Sol Stein, preferred the name "Ultima," so that is the title that was used in the book.[16]

Eleusis is probably Abbott's most prominent game, due to its metaphors and its suitability for use as a teaching tool.[29] He invented it in 1956,[30] and it appeared in his self-published book Four New Card Games.[31] It was also published in the book Abbott's New Card Games a year later.[5] Martin Gardner wrote about it in his Mathematical Games column in the June 1959 issue of Scientific American.[14] Basically, the gameplay consists of the dealer choosing a secret rule dictating how cards are to be played, and the players playing cards in an attempt to figure out the rule through inductive reasoning. In 1973, Abbott decided to improve Eleusis;[30] the result was considered to be far better than the original, with various improvements to the layouts and gameplay making it work quite a bit better. Martin Gardner wrote about this version in the October 1977 issue of Scientific American.[29] Abbott also self-published a pamphlet in 1977 with the rules for the improved version, titled The New Eleusis.[32] It has appeared in several card game collections, such as Hoyle's Rules of Games[3] and New Rules for Classic Games,[4] among others.

Abbott initially created the game Confusion in the 1970s, and had it in finished form by 1980.[21] The game was published in Germany by Franjos in 1992; Abbott was not satisfied with this version, however, due to several flaws in it.[33] The rules were published in the Spanish translation of his book Abbott's New Card Games in 2008,[19] but the game did not get published in North America until 2011. This Stronghold Games version was named "Best New Abstract Strategy Game" for 2012 by GAMES Magazine.[11] The game is based on the idea of not knowing what your pieces are or what they do at the beginning of the game. His game Eleusis uses a similar idea, in that you do not know how cards are to be played at the beginning; George Brancaccio, someone Abbott worked with at the Bank of New York, commented on this, saying "In your game Eleusis, you don't know what cards can be played. Why don't you make a board game where you don't know how pieces move?"[33] This is what gave Abbott the idea, and he began work on it soon after.