Robert C. Green

Robert C. Green is an American medical geneticist, physician, and public health researcher. He directs the Genomes2People Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics at Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Broad Institute, and is Director of the Preventive Genomics Clinic at Brigham and Women's Hospital.[1] Research led by Green includes clinical and research aspects of genomic and precision medicine, including the development and disclosure of Alzheimer's disease risk estimates (the REVEAL Study)[2][3] and one of the first prospective studies of direct-to-consumer genetic testing services (the PGen Study).[4] He has studied the implementation of medical sequencing in healthy adults (the MedSeq Project), newborns (the BabySeq Project),[5][6][7] and active duty military personnel (the MilSeq Project).[8] As of 2020, he is leading the first research collaboration to explore return of genomic results and better understand penetrance in a population-based cohort of underrepresented minorities.[9] He has led the Preventive Genomics Clinic at Brigham and Women's Hospital since its creation in 2019.[10]

Robert C. Green
Born
Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
Alma materAmherst College
University of Virginia School of Medicine
Emory University
Scientific career
InstitutionsBrigham and Women's Hospital
Harvard Medical School

Education

Green was born in Richmond, Virginia, and attended Amherst College[11] and the University of Virginia School of Medicine,[12] and earned a Masters of Public Health in Epidemiology from Emory University School of Public Health. He completed a residency in neurology at Harvard Medical School's Longwood Neurology Program, and research fellowships at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Boston Children's Hospital. Green is board-certified in neurology and medical genetics. He was previously on the faculty at Emory University School of Medicine and the Boston University School of Medicine.[13]

Genomic Research Projects and Contributions

Green served as Principal Investigator of the Risk Evaluation and Education for Alzheimer's Disease (REVEAL) Study,[14] which explored the behavioral, and health-related impact of disclosing genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. The study was a series of multi-site, randomized, controlled clinical trials that provide empirical data to address ethical, social and translational issues in genetic susceptibility testing for common diseases.[15][16][17]

Green also co-led (with J. Scott Roberts, Ph.D.) the Impact of Personal Genomics (PGen) Study, one of the first to investigate the characteristics of consumers; the behavioral and health impact; and the translational and social issues associated with personal genomic testing services.[18] He co-led the incidental findings working group for the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and was lead author on the controversial recommendations for reporting incidental and secondary findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing.[19] Green also contributed to the design of a variant classification pipeline,[20] and a single page summary for reporting clinically relevant results of whole genome sequencing to physicians.[21][22]

Green currently leads and co-leads the first NIH funded randomized trials of sequencing in adults (MedSeq Project), newborns (BabySeq Project), and active duty US military personnel (MilSeq Project). With continuous funding from NIH for 26 years, he has published more than 300 papers with an h index of 90.[23]

Green co-chaired the steering committee of both the Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research program (18 NIH grants, over 300 investigators),[24] and the steering committee of the Newborn Sequencing in Genomic Medicine and Public Health program (4 NIH grants, over 100 investigators).[25] He is a currently a co-investigator on the Boston site within the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics Network (eMERGE). He is Associate Director for Research of Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine,[26] and is leading the development of protocols for return of genomic results for the All of Us (initiative) Research Program of the United States Precision Medicine Initiative and the Google/Verily Project Baseline Study.[27]

Professional Affiliations and Awards

Green directs the Genomes2People Research Program at Brigham Health and is the founding director of the Brigham Preventive Genomics Clinic.[28] He is Associate Director for Research of Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine and a member of the executive committee for the Partners BioBank.[29] He is a board member of the Council for Responsible Genetics.[30] He was previously co-chair of the steering committee of the NIH Consortium in Newborn Sequencing in Genomic Medicine and Public Health (NSIGHT).[31] Green is a member of the Consortium on Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE).[32] He served on the Institute of Medicine Committee on the "Evidence Base for Genetic Testing," and has collaborated on research studies with Illumina (company), 23andMe, Pathway and Google.[33][34][35]

Green received the 2014 Coriell Award for Scientific Achievement in Personalized Medicine.[36] BIS Research named Green one of the 25 most influential voices in precision medicine in 2019.[37]

References
  1. "Brigham and Women's Hospital Opens Preventive Genomics Clinic". 16 August 2019.
  2. "Study: Do You Really Need Counseling on Your Alzheimer's Gene Test?".
  3. Jun, G.; Ibrahim-Verbaas, C. A.; Vronskaya, M.; Lambert, J.-C.; Chung, J.; Naj, A. C.; Kunkle, B. W.; Wang, L.-S.; Bis, J. C.; Bellenguez, C.; Harold, D.; Lunetta, K. L.; Destefano, A. L.; Grenier-Boley, B.; Sims, R.; Beecham, G. W.; Smith, A. V.; Chouraki, V.; Hamilton-Nelson, K. L.; Ikram, M. A.; Fievet, N.; Denning, N.; Martin, E. R.; Schmidt, H.; Kamatani, Y.; Dunstan, M. L.; Valladares, O.; Laza, A. R.; Zelenika, D.; et al. (January 2016). "A novel Alzheimer disease locus located near the gene encoding tau protein". Molecular Psychiatry. 21 (1): 108–117. doi:10.1038/mp.2015.23. PMC 4573764. PMID 25778476.
  4. "Direct-to-Consumer Testing's Constitutional Appeal". Archived from the original on 2016-03-20. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
  5. "New report offers a primer for doctors' use of clinical genome and exome sequencing". 2015-07-15.
  6. "Growing up Genomic: What Happens when You Know All a Baby's Genes?".
  7. "Gene scans solve mystery diseases in kids, adults".
  8. Clinical trial number NCT03276637 for "Enabling Personalized Medicine Through Exome Sequencing in the U.S. Air Force (MilSeq)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  9. "Return of Genomic Results and Estimating Penetrance in Population-Based Cohorts". 2019-07-22.
  10. "Top U.S. medical centers roll out DNA sequencing clinics for healthy (and often wealthy) clients". 16 August 2019.
  11. "Neuroscience | Graduates in Neuroscience | Amherst College".
  12. "UVA Today". 23 March 2007.
  13. "PR Social".
  14. http://www.bu.edu/alzresearch/files/pdf/Green_NEJMREVEALIpaper_final6.pdf
  15. "Big Precision Medicine Plan Raises Patient Privacy Concerns". Scientific American.
  16. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Is Genetic Information Different? - Eric Green. YouTube.
  17. http://www.genome.gov/Pages/About/NACHGR/Sept2005NACHGRAgenda/ItemsofInterest.pdf
  18. "Direct-to-Consumer Testing's Constitutional Appeal". Archived from the original on 2016-03-20. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
  19. Green, Robert C.; Berg, Jonathan S.; Grody, Wayne W.; Kalia, Sarah S.; Korf, Bruce R.; Martin, Christa L.; McGuire, Amy L.; Nussbaum, Robert L.; O'Daniel, Julianne M.; Ormond, Kelly E.; Rehm, Heidi L.; Watson, Michael S.; Williams, Marc S.; Biesecker, Leslie G. (July 2013). "ACMG recommendations for reporting of incidental findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing". Genetics in Medicine. 15 (7): 565–574. doi:10.1038/gim.2013.73. PMC 3727274. PMID 23788249.
  20. Lee, In-Hee; Lee, Kyungjoon; Hsing, Michael; Choe, Yongjoon; Park, Jin-Ho; Kim, Shu Hee; Bohn, Justin M.; Neu, Matthew B.; Hwang, Kyu-Baek; Green, Robert C.; Kohane, Isaac S.; Kong, Sek Won (May 2014). "Prioritizing Disease-Linked Variants, Genes, and Pathways with an Interactive Whole-Genome Analysis Pipeline". Human Mutation. 35 (5): 537–547. doi:10.1002/humu.22520. PMC 4130156. PMID 24478219.
  21. Vassy, Jason L.; McLaughlin, Heather L.; MacRae, Calum A.; Seidman, Christine E.; Lautenbach, Denise; Krier, Joel B.; Lane, William J.; Kohane, Isaac S.; Murray, Michael F.; McGuire, Amy L.; Rehm, Heidi L.; Green, Robert C. (2015). "A One-Page Summary Report of Genome Sequencing for the Healthy Adult". Public Health Genomics. 18 (2): 123–129. doi:10.1159/000370102. PMC 4348325. PMID 25612602.
  22. "Growing up Genomic: What Happens when You Know All a Baby's Genes?".
  23. "Robert C. Green | Aspen Ideas".
  24. Green, Robert C.; Goddard, Katrina A. B.; Jarvik, Gail P.; Amendola, Laura M.; Appelbaum, Paul S.; Berg, Jonathan S.; Bernhardt, Barbara A.; Biesecker, Leslie G.; Biswas, Sawona; Blout, Carrie L.; Bowling, Kevin M.; Brothers, Kyle B.; Burke, Wylie; Caga-anan, Charlisse F.; Chinnaiyan, Arul M.; Chung, Wendy K.; Clayton, Ellen W.; Cooper, Gregory M.; East, Kelly; Evans, James P.; Fullerton, Stephanie M.; Garraway, Levi A.; Garrett, Jeremy R.; Gray, Stacy W.; Henderson, Gail E.; Hindorff, Lucia A.; Holm, Ingrid A.; Lewis, Michelle Huckaby; Hutter, Carolyn M.; Janne, Pasi A.; Joffe, Steven; Kaufman, David; Knoppers, Bartha M.; Koenig, Barbara A.; Krantz, Ian D.; Manolio, Teri A.; McCullough, Laurence; McEwen, Jean; McGuire, Amy; Muzny, Donna; Myers, Richard M.; Nickerson, Deborah A.; Ou, Jeffrey; Parsons, Donald W.; Petersen, Gloria M.; Plon, Sharon E.; Rehm, Heidi L.; Roberts, J. Scott; Robinson, Dan; Salama, Joseph S.; Scollon, Sarah; Sharp, Richard R.; Shirts, Brian; Spinner, Nancy B.; Tabor, Holly K.; Tarczy-Hornoch, Peter; Veenstra, David L.; Wagle, Nikhil; Weck, Karen; Wilfond, Benjamin S.; Wilhelmsen, Kirk; Wolf, Susan M.; Wynn, Julia; Yu, Joon-Ho; Amaral, Michelle; Amendola, Laura; Appelbaum, Paul S.; Aronson, Samuel J.; Arora, Shubhangi; Azzariti, Danielle R.; Barsh, Greg S.; Bebin, E. M.; Biesecker, Barbara B.; Biesecker, Leslie G.; Biswas, Sawona; Blout, Carrie L.; Bowling, Kevin M.; Brothers, Kyle B.; Brown, Brian L.; Burt, Amber A.; Byers, Peter H.; Caga-anan, Charlisse F.; Calikoglu, Muge G.; Carlson, Sara J.; Chahin, Nizar; Chinnaiyan, Arul M.; Christensen, Kurt D.; Chung, Wendy; Cirino, Allison L.; Clayton, Ellen; Conlin, Laura K.; Cooper, Greg M.; Crosslin, David R.; Davis, James V.; Davis, Kelly; Deardorff, Matthew A.; Devkota, Batsal; De Vries, Raymond; Diamond, Pamela; Dorschner, Michael O.; Dugan, Noreen P.; Dukhovny, Dmitry; Dulik, Matthew C.; East, Kelly M.; Rivera-Munoz, Edgar A.; Evans, Barbara; Evans, James P.; Everett, Jessica; Exe, Nicole; Fan, Zheng; Feuerman, Lindsay Z.; Filipski, Kelly; Finnila, Candice R.; Fishler, Kristen; Fullerton, Stephanie M.; Ghrundmeier, Bob; Giles, Karen; Gilmore, Marian J.; Girnary, Zahra S.; Goddard, Katrina; Gonsalves, Steven; Gordon, Adam S.; Gornick, Michele C.; Grady, William M.; Gray, David E.; Gray, Stacy W.; Green, Robert; Greenwood, Robert S.; Gutierrez, Amanda M.; Han, Paul; Hart, Ragan; Heagerty, Patrick; Henderson, Gail E.; Hensman, Naomi; Hiatt, Susan M.; Himes, Patricia; Hindorff, Lucia A.; Hisama, Fuki M.; Ho, Carolyn Y.; Hoffman-Andrews, Lily B.; Holm, Ingrid A.; Hong, Celine; Horike-Pyne, Martha J.; Hull, Sara; Hutter, Carolyn M.; Jamal, Seema; Jarvik, Gail P.; Jensen, Brian C.; Joffe, Steve; Johnston, Jennifer; Karavite, Dean; Kauffman, Tia L.; Kaufman, Dave; Kelley, Whitley; Kim, Jerry H.; Kirby, Christine; Klein, William; Knoppers, Bartha; Koenig, Barbara A.; Kong, Sek Won; Krantz, Ian; Krier, Joel B.; Lamb, Neil E.; Lambert, Michele P.; Le, Lan Q.; Lebo, Matthew S.; Lee, Alexander; Lee, Kaitlyn B.; Lennon, Niall; Leo, Michael C.; Leppig, Kathleen A.; Lewis, Katie; Lewis, Michelle; Lindeman, Neal I.; Lockhart, Nicole; Lonigro, Bob; Lose, Edward J.; Lupo, Philip J.; Rodriguez, Laura Lyman; Lynch, Frances; Machini, Kalotina; MacRae, Calum; Manolio, Teri A.; Marchuk, Daniel S.; Martinez, Josue N.; Masino, Aaron; McCullough, Laurence; McEwen, Jean; McGuire, Amy; McLaughlin, Heather M.; McMullen, Carmit; Mieczkowski, Piotr A.; Miller, Jeff; Miller, Victoria A.; Mody, Rajen; Mooney, Sean D.; Moore, Elizabeth G.; Morris, Elissa; Murray, Michael; Muzny, Donna; Myers, Richard M.; Ng, David; Nickerson, Deborah A.; Oliver, Nelly M.; Ou, Jeffrey; Parsons, Will; Patrick, Donald L.; Pennington, Jeffrey; Perry, Denise L.; Petersen, Gloria; Plon, Sharon; Porter, Katie; Powell, Bradford C.; Punj, Sumit; Breitkopf, Carmen Radecki; Raesz-Martinez, Robin A.; Raskind, Wendy H.; Rehm, Heidi L.; Reigar, Dean A.; Reiss, Jacob A.; Rich, Carla A.; Richards, Carolyn Sue; Rini, Christine; Roberts, Scott; Robertson, Peggy D.; Robinson, Dan; Robinson, Jill O.; Robinson, Marguerite E.; Roche, Myra I.; Romasko, Edward J.; Rosenthal, Elisabeth A.; Salama, Joseph; Scarano, Maria I.; Schneider, Jennifer; Scollon, Sarah; Seidman, Christine E.; Seifert, Bryce A.; Sharp, Richard R.; Shirts, Brian H.; Sholl, Lynette M.; Siddiqui, Javed; Silverman, Elian; Simmons, Shirley; Simons, Janae V.; Skinner, Debra; Spinner, Nancy B.; Stoffel, Elena; Strande, Natasha T.; Sunyaev, Shamil; Sybert, Virginia P.; Taber, Jennifer; Tabor, Holly K.; Tarczy-Hornoch, Peter; Taylor, Deanne M.; Tilley, Christian R.; Tomlinson, Ashley; Trinidad, Susan; Tsai, Ellen; Ubel, Peter; Van Allen, Eliezer M.; Vassy, Jason L.; Vats, Pankaj; Veenstra, David L.; Vetter, Victoria L.; Vries, Raymond D.; Wagle, Nikhil; Walser, Sarah A.; Walsh, Rebecca C.; Weck, Karen; Werner-Lin, Allison; Whittle, Jana; Wilfond, Ben; Wilhelmsen, Kirk C.; Wolf, Susan M.; Wynn, Julia; Yang, Yaping; Young, Carol; Yu, Joon-Ho; Zikmund-Fisher, Brian J. (2 June 2016). "Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research Consortium: Accelerating Evidence-Based Practice of Genomic Medicine". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 98 (6): 1051–1066. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.04.011. PMC 4908179. PMID 27181682.
  25. Berg, Jonathan S.; Agrawal, Pankaj B.; Bailey, Donald B.; Beggs, Alan H.; Brenner, Steven E.; Brower, Amy M.; Cakici, Julie A.; Ceyhan-Birsoy, Ozge; Chan, Kee; Chen, Flavia; Currier, Robert J.; Dukhovny, Dmitry; Green, Robert C.; Harris-Wai, Julie; Holm, Ingrid A.; Iglesias, Brenda; Joseph, Galen; Kingsmore, Stephen F.; Koenig, Barbara A.; Kwok, Pui-Yan; Lantos, John; Leeder, Steven J.; Lewis, Megan A.; McGuire, Amy L.; Milko, Laura V.; Mooney, Sean D.; Parad, Richard B.; Pereira, Stacey; Petrikin, Joshua; Powell, Bradford C.; Powell, Cynthia M.; Puck, Jennifer M.; Rehm, Heidi L.; Risch, Neil; Roche, Myra; Shieh, Joseph T.; Veeraraghavan, Narayanan; Watson, Michael S.; Willig, Laurel; Yu, Timothy W.; Urv, Tiina; Wise, Anastasia L. (1 February 2017). "Newborn Sequencing in Genomic Medicine and Public Health". Pediatrics. 139 (2): e20162252. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2252. PMC 5260149. PMID 28096516.
  26. Weiss, Scott; Shin, Meini (27 February 2016). "Infrastructure for Personalized Medicine at Partners HealthCare". Journal of Personalized Medicine. 6 (1): 13. doi:10.3390/jpm6010013. PMC 4810392. PMID 26927187.
  27. Barr, Alistair (2014-07-27). "Google's New Moonshot Project: The Human Body". Wall Street Journal.
  28. "Brigham, Mass General Open Preventative Genomics Clinics | Dark Daily". 3 January 2020.
  29. "Big Precision Medicine Plan Raises Patient Privacy Concerns". Scientific American.
  30. "Council for Responsible Genetics Blog | CRG Board Member Dr. Robert Green Discusses Returning Genomic Research Results to Participants". Archived from the original on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
  31. "New report offers a primer for doctors' use of clinical genome and exome sequencing". 2015-07-15.
  32. "Clinical Sequencing Evidence-Generating Research (CSER)".
  33. "Genome presents Understand Your Genome".
  34. "New evidence shows the FDA was wrong to halt 23andMe testing". 15 January 2014.
  35. Carere, Deanna Alexis; Couper, Mick P.; Crawford, Scott D.; Kalia, Sarah S.; Duggan, Jake R.; Moreno, Tanya A.; Mountain, Joanna L.; Roberts, J. Scott; Green, Robert C. (3 December 2014). "Design, methods, and participant characteristics of the Impact of Personal Genomics (PGen) Study, a prospective cohort study of direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing customers". Genome Medicine. 6 (12): 96. doi:10.1186/s13073-014-0096-0. PMC 4256737. PMID 25484922.
  36. "Brigham and Women's Hospital - Awards, Honors & Grants". Archived from the original on 2015-11-16. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
  37. "Global Pharmacogenomics Market Size, Market Trends, Share, Forecast (2019-2028) | BIS Research".
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