Rocket sled

A rocket sled is a test platform that slides along a set of rails, propelled by rockets.

Sonic Wind No 1. This rocket sled was ridden by John Paul Stapp in the 1950s.
Lt. Col. John P. Stapp rides the rocket sled at Edwards Air Force Base
For rocket launches assisted by non-rocket powered guideways, see rocket sled launch.

As its name implies, a rocket sled does not use wheels and differs from a rocket car for this reason as it runs on rails. Instead, it has sliding pads, called "slippers", which are curved around the head of the rails to prevent the sled from flying off the track.[1] The rail cross-section profile is that of a Vignoles rail, commonly used for railroads. Wheels cannot be used on rocket sleds as the high velocities experienced will result in the wheels spinning to pieces due to extreme centrifugal forces.

A rocket sled holds the land-based speed record for a vehicle, at Mach 8.5.

Usage
The vehicle that achieved Mach 8.5
The Holloman Air Force Base track

A rocket sled is reported to have been used in the closing days of World War II by the Germans to launch a winged A4b strategic rocket from a tunnel on March 16, 1945.

Rocket sleds were used extensively early in the Cold War to accelerate equipment considered too experimental (hazardous) for testing directly in piloted aircraft. The equipment to be tested under high acceleration or high airspeed conditions was installed along with appropriate instrumentation, data recording and telemetry equipment on the sled. The sled was then accelerated according to the experiment's design requirements for data collection along a length of isolated, precisely level and straight test track. Testing ejection seat systems and technology prior to their use in experimental or operational aircraft was a common application of the rocket sled at Holloman Air Force Base. Perhaps the most famous, the tracks at Edwards Air Force Base were used to test missiles, supersonic ejection seats, aircraft shapes and the effects of acceleration and deceleration on humans. The rocket sled track at Edwards Air Force Base was dismantled and used to extend the track at Holloman Air Force Base, taking it to almost 10 miles (16 km) in length.

Unmanned rocket sleds continue to be used to test missile components without requiring costly live missile launches. A world speed record of Mach 8.5 (6,416 mph / 10,325 km/h) was achieved by a four-stage rocket sled at Holloman Air Force Base on April 30, 2003, the highest speed ever attained by a land vehicle.[2]

Murphy's law first received public attention during a press conference about rocket sled testing.[3]

Examples
Name Location Country Length Gauge Rail Type Welded/
Segmented		 Opened Renovated Closed Geography/Notes
Holloman High Speed Test Track (HHSTT) Rails 1&2 Holloman AFB, Alamogordo, NM USA 50,971 ft
(15.536 km)		 84 in
(2.1 m)		 171 Welded 1950 1956, 1957, 1974, 2000, 2002 Runs North-South, 32.8881°N 106.1502°W / 32.8881; -106.1502
Supersonic Naval Ordnance Research Track (SNORT) NAWC-WD Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, CA USA 21,550 ft
(6.568 km)		 56.5 in
(1.435 m)		 171 Welded 1953 2006 North-South
Holloman High Speed Test Track (HHSTT) Rail 3 Holloman AFB, Alamogordo, NM USA 20,200 ft
(6.157 km)		 26.3 in
(0.67 m)		 171 Welded 1974 North-South
Extended High-Speed Rocket Sled Track Edwards AFB, Edwards, CA USA 20,000 ft
(6.096 km)		 56.5 in
(1.435 m)		 171 Welded 1949 1959 1963 Also known as South Base Sled Track (SBST). Rails used to lengthen HHSTT
Rail Track Rocket Sled Test Facility[4][5] Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory Range, Ramgarh, Haryana India 3.8 km
(12,467 ft)		 0.7–4.86 m
(28–191 in)		 1988 2014 5 rails
North/South

30.641470°N 76.922399°E / 30.641470; 76.922399

Supersonic Military Air Research Track (SMART) Aircraft Interior Products Propulsion Systems, Hurricane Mesa, UT USA 12,000 ft
(3.658 km)		 56.5 in
(1.435 m)		 105 Welded 1955 1961* *Now Privately Owned & Operational
Sandia 2 Technical Area III, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM USA 10,000 ft
(3.048 km)		 0.56 m
(22 in)		 1966 1985 North-South
Rocket rail track 3500, FKP GkNIPAS Beloozyorsky Russia 3.5 km
(11,480 ft)		 Segmented 2014 55.48677°N 38.49836°E / 55.48677; 38.49836
Formerly RD-2500. Used by Zvezda for ejection seat testing
RT-2650, FKP NII Geodeziya Krasnoarmeysk Russia 2,650 m
(8,694 ft)		 R-75 1956 1984 56.11901°N 38.20345°E / 56.11901; 38.20345
TsKP MIK of RFNC-VNIIEF Sarov Russia 3.0 km
(9,843 ft)		 54.8212°N 43.2530°E / 54.8212; 43.2530
B-4 Transonic Test Track NAWC-WD Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, CA USA 6,800 ft
(2,073 m)		 56.5 in
(1.435 m)		 75 Welded 1940
Martin-Baker Langford Lodge Langford Lodge, Northern Ireland UK 6,200 ft
(1,890 m)		 30 in
(0.762 m)		 80 1971 Privately Owned & Operated by Martin-Baker
Pendine Long Test Track (LTT) QinetiQ, Pendine, Wales UK 1,500 m
(4,921 ft)		 12 in
(0.305 m)		 103 1956
Centre D'essais Des Landes Single Rail R1 Biscarrosse, France France 2.0 km
(6,562 ft)		 Monorail Square Beam Segmented 1968 (Foundation for 2nd rail in place)
G-4 Exterior and Terminal Ballistics Test Track NAWC-WD Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, CA USA 3,000 ft
(914 m)		 33.875 in
(0.860 m)		 171 Welded 1954
ETTC KEMTF sled track Test Area C-74, Eglin AFB, Ft. Walton Beach, FL USA 2,000 ft
(610 m)		 56.5 in
(1.435 m)		 171 Welded 1956
Sandia 1 Technical Area III, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM USA 2,000 ft
(610 m)		 56.5 in
(1.435 m)		 1951
Edwards North Base Track "G-Whiz" Edwards AFB, Edwards, CA USA 2,000 ft
(610 m)		 Welded 1944 1953 Also known as North Base Sled Track (NBST).
Redstone Technical Test Center Sled Track 1 Redstone Arsenal, AL USA 1,900 ft
(579 m)		 Monorail 1956
Pendine Impact Test Track QinetiQ, Pendine, Wales UK 400 m
(1,312 ft)		 56.5 in
(1.435 m)
Centre D'essais Des Landes Single Rail R2 Biscarrosse, France France 400 m
(1,312 ft)		 Square Beam 1967 Former HB3 track, moved from CIEES Colomb-Béchar, Algeria
Redstone Technical Test Center Sled Track 2 Redstone Arsenal, AL USA 1,200 ft
(366 m)		 Monorail
New Mexico Tech/EMRTC Sled Track Socorro, NM USA 1,000 ft
(305 m)		 Monorail 171 Privately owned & operated
Pendine Short Test Track (STT) QinetiQ, Pendine, Wales UK 200 m
(656 ft)
General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems Rock Hill, FL USA 656 ft
(200 m)		 I-Beam Privately Owned & Operated
Alkantpan Rocket Sled Range Alkantpan Test Range, Copperton, Northern Cape South Africa 200 m
(656 ft)		 0.5 m
(19.7 in)		 Single or Double I-beam Segmented 1985 1999 Runs East to West, 29.947448°S 22.226614°E / -29.947448; 22.226614

Subsonic and supersonic testing

Holloman Maglev Track Holloman AFB, Alamogordo, NM USA 2,100 ft
(640 m)
Germany Germany I-Beam
Bundeswehr WTD 91 rocket sled track Meppen Germany 830 m
(2,723 ft)		 52.8631°N 7.4084°E / 52.8631; 7.4084
AVIC ALI track Xiangyang China 6.0 km
(19,685 ft)		 1993 2006 32.3939°N 112.1386°E / 32.3939; 112.1386
Muroran Institute of Technology APReC HSTT Shiraoi Japan 300 m
(984 ft)		 1.435 m
(56.5 in)		 2009 42.5358°N 141.2558°E / 42.5358; 141.2558
Muroran Institute of Technology APReC SSTT Shiraoi Japan 100 m
(328 ft)		 0.128 m
(5.04 in)		 2008 42.5357°N 141.2552°E / 42.5357; 141.2552
TÜBİTAK SAGE HABRAS Karapınar Turkey 2.0 km
(6,562 ft)		 2017 37.6212°N 33.4634°E / 37.6212; 33.4634

Other former rocket sled tracks include those at the following locations:

See also

References
  1. "The Fastest Rocket Sled On Earth". impactlab.com. 16 January 2006. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
  2. "Test sets world land speed record". www.af.mil. Retrieved 2016-04-19.
  3. "Murphy's laws origin". murphys-laws.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-10. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
  4. "SA To RM Inaugurates Unique "RTRS Penta Rail Supersonic Track" at TBRL" (PDF). Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO). 12 May 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  5. "Technology Focus magazine Vol. 25 No. 3, May-June 2017" (PDF). 9 June 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
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