Romanian diaspora

The Romanian diaspora is the ethnically Romanian population outside Romania and Moldova. The concept does not usually include the ethnic Romanians who live as natives in nearby states, chiefly those Romanians who live in Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, and Bulgaria. Therefore, the number of all Romanians abroad is estimated at about 4–12 million people, depending on one's definition of the term "Romanian" as well as the inclusion respectively exclusion of ethnic Romanians living in nearby countries where they are indigenous. The definition of "who is a Romanian?" may range from rigorous conservative estimates based on self-identification and official statistics to estimates that include people of Romanian ancestry born in their respective countries as well as people born to various ethnic-minorities from Romania. As of 2015/16, over 97% of Romanian emigrants resided in OECD countries; and about 90% of Romanian emigrants in OECD countries lived in Europe, with the most common country of residence being Italy.[1] The vast majority of Romanian emigrants are based in just ten countries, with the most common countries being Italy, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, Hungary, France and Canada.[1]

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Countries with significant Romanian population and descendants (as of 2020).
  Romania
  + 1,000,000
  + 100,000
  + 10,000
  + 1,000

Over one million Romanians live in Italy. Large Romanian populations exist in Spain, the UK and Germany, with the latter including many Germans of Romania.

After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, emigration was liberalized and during the 1990s the main destination countries for Romanian emigrants were Germany, Hungary, Israel, the United States and Canada.[1] After further liberalization in 1999, 2002 and especially after Romania entered the European Union in 2007, Italy, Spain, the UK and other EU countries became major destinations.[1][2]

Size of the Romanian diaspora
Italy is the most common destination for Romanian emigrants, with over one million Romanians living there.

In 2006, the Romanian diaspora was estimated at about 8 million people by then President of Romania, Traian Băsescu, most of them living in the former USSR, Western Europe (esp. Italy, Spain, Germany, United Kingdom, France, and Austria), North America (Canada and the United States), South America, and Australia.[3] Nonetheless, it is unclear if Băsescu included the indigenous Romanians living in the immediate surroundings of the Romanian state, which are those in Moldova, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Ukraine.

In December 2013, Cristian David, the government minister for the Department for Romanians Everywhere, declared that a new reality illustrates that between 6–8 million Romanians live outside Romania's borders. This includes 2–3 million indigenous Romanians living in neighbouring states such as Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, the Balkans and especially the Republic of Moldova. The number also includes circa 2.7–3.5 million Romanians in Western Europe.[4]

Furthermore, the Romanian diaspora emerged as a powerful political force in elections since 2009.[5][6] For the 2014 presidential election, voting in the diaspora was poorly organized and resulted in protests in several major European cities. The diaspora vote played a key role in the final result.[6] 5 years later, in the 2019 presidential election, then center-right candidate and incumbent President Klaus Iohannis was once again overwhelmingly voted by the Romanian diaspora from all over the world.

Below is a list of self-declared ethnic Romanians in the countries where they live, excluding those who live in Romania and Moldova but including those who live in Ukraine, Serbia, Hungary, and Bulgaria.

The numbers are based on official statistical data in the respective states where such Romanians reside or – wherever such data is unavailable – based on official estimates made by the Romanian department for Romanians abroad (figures for Spain, Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Sweden, Portugal, and Turkey are for Romanian citizens, and may include individuals of any ethnicity).

Ethnic Romanians are primarily present in Europe and North America. However, there are ethnic Romanians in Turkey, both in the Asian and European parts of the country, descendants of Wallachian settlers invited by the Ottoman Empire from the early fourteenth to the late nineteenth centuries. Furthermore, there are about 2,000 Romanian immigrants in Japan since the late twentieth century.[7]

Distribution by country
Romanian diaspora inside the EU between 2008 and 2012
CountryYearPopulationOrigin, notes
 Italy20221,083,771[8]Citizens (additional 122,667 Moldovans)
 Spain20221,079,726 (including naturalized)[9]
627.478 (Romanian citizens)[10] 539,418 (residents of Spain who were born in Romania as of 2022)[11]		Immigrants and Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups. The first number includes all Romanians in Spain, thus taking into account second and third generation Romanians or nationalized ones that count as Spanish in the census. The second number takes into account just Romanian citizens. The third number represents Romanian born residents in Spain. (additional 17,868 Moldovans)
 Germany2020799,180[12]Immigrants (additional 14,815 Moldovans)[13] (the overall number of people with Romanian ancestry in Germany includes many Romanian-Germans as well)
 United Kingdom2021539,000 people in England and Wales were born in Romania in 2021;[14] additional Romanians in Scotland and Northern Ireland; there are also naturalized second and third generation Romanians in the UK Immigrants (additional 18,000 Moldovans)
United States United States2010447,293[15] (ancestry)

165,199 (born in Romania)

Immigrants
 Canada2021215,885[16]According to the 2021 Census, there were 215,885 Canadian residents declaring themselves of Romanian origin;[17] Romanian language was the mother tongue of 93,160 of Canadian residents.[18] There were 86,770 Canadian residents who were born in Romania.[19]
 Ukraine2001150,989[20]Indigenous to Zakarpattia Oblast, Odesa Oblast, and Chernivtsi Oblast (additional 258,619 Moldovans)
 France2019133,000[21]Immigrants
 Austria2021132,000[22]Immigrants, of whom 36,000 live in Vienna[23]
 Belgium2020105,358[24]Immigrants
 Israel202086,200[25]Immigrants (mostly Romanian Jews)
 Greece201146,523[26]Immigrants (additional 10,391 Moldovans). There are also 209,000 Aromanians[27] and 3,000 Megleno-Romanians[28] in Greece; however, they are not considered an ethnic but a linguistic/cultural minority.
 Denmark202243,312[29]Immigrants (additional 2,236 Moldovans)
 Portugal201539,000[30]Romanian estimate; according to Eurostat as many as 7,000 Romanians have acquired Portuguese citizenship since 2008, thus are excluded from the number of Romanian nationals in Portugal.[31][32] (additional 5,243 Moldovan foreigners as of 2022; since 2008 more than 20,000 Moldovans became Portuguese citizens)[32]
 Netherlands201934,185[33]Immigrants (additional 986 Moldovans)
 Sweden202133,695[34]Immigrants (additional 1,573 Moldovans)
 Hungary201130,924[35]Indigenous and immigrants
 Serbia202223,044[36]Indigenous to Vojvodina and the Timok Valley (additional 21,013 Vlachs and 327 Aromanians)
 Ireland201629,186[37]Immigrants
  Switzerland202227,299[38]Immigrants
 Cyprus201124,376[39]Immigrants
 Australia201120,998[40]Immigrants
 Norway202218,877[41]Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents
 Czechia201814,684[42]Immigrants (additionally 5,811 Moldovans)
 Kazakhstan200914,666[43]Displaced and deported during World War II (including Moldovans)
 Turkey14,000[44]Immigrants
 Japan10,000[45]Immigrants
 Slovakia20178,474[46]Immigrants
 Brazil7,393[47]Immigrants and Brazilians with Romanian ancestry
 United Arab Emirates6,444[48]Immigrants
 Finland20215,628[49]Immigrants (additional 778 Moldovans)
 Luxembourg20195,209[50]Immigrants
 Jordan4,000[48]Immigrants
 Russia20103,201[51]Immigrants/displaced during World War II (additional 586,122 Moldovans)
 South Africa3,000Immigrants
 Qatar2,000[48]Immigrants
 New Zealand20181,485[52]Immigrants
 China1,320[48]Immigrants
 Malta20161,262[53]Immigrants
 Argentina1,000[48]Immigrants
 Chile1,000[48]Immigrants
 Bulgaria2011891[54]Indigenous to Vidin Province and parts of northern Bulgaria (additional 3,684 "Vlachs")
 Palestine850[48]Immigrants
 Kuwait696[48]Immigrants
 South Korea634[48]Immigrants
 Mexico600[48]Immigrants
 Ethiopia485Immigrants
 Egypt420[48]Immigrants
 India400[48]Immigrants
 Singapore400[48]Immigrants
 Paraguay398[48]Immigrants
 Oman382[48]Immigrants
 Colombia350[48]Immigrants
 San Marino2018283[55]Immigrants
 Monaco250[48]Immigrants
 Philippines2019209[56]Immigrants
 Uruguay200[48]Immigrants
 Peru174[48]Immigrants
 Indonesia155[48]Immigrants
 Venezuela2020150[48]Immigrants
 Thailand106[48]Immigrants
 Cuba100[48]Immigrants
 North Macedonia100[48]Immigrants (additional 9,900 Aromanians[57] and 2,100 Megleno-Romanians)[58]
 Vietnam100[48]Immigrants
 Lithuania201177[59]Immigrants
 Pakistan75[48]Immigrants
 Latvia201163[60]Immigrants (additional 1,919 Moldovans)
 Dominican Republic30[48]Immigrants
 Liechtenstein15[48]Immigrants
 AlbaniaThere live up to 300,000 Aromanians, but Albanian authorities do not recognize them as Romanian minority.[61]
Total4,321,496The estimate is the sum of the countrywide estimates listed. To this are added 1,618,650 people belonging to ethnic groups Romanian authorities claim to be part of the Romanian population (e.g., Moldovans, Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians). The total estimate is roughly 5.9 million.

See also

References
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