Ruck (Australian rules football)

Two rucks contest the bounce in a suburban western Sydney AFL game between the East Coast Eagles AFC and Campbelltown Kangaroos AFC

Rucks are sometimes classified by their style of play, although many players alternate styles during a game based on strategy, the style of an opponent, their physical attributes and versatility.

A tap ruck (or palm ruck) is the most skillful and high jumping of styles. Players using this style will deftly palm the ball directly down to the advantage of a smaller teammate or rover, often making their hitouts the most effective. WAFL and VFL great Polly Farmer is considered to be one of the best all-time rucks of this style.[1] The AFL's Aaron Sandilands is a good recent example.[2]

A mobile ruck (or mobile bigman) often describes a ruck that covers a lot of ground. Sometime this type of ruck is not as tall, as big, or effective at hit outs, but may possess a high leap and greater athletic endurance. Against less mobile rucks, this type of player can compensate with an ability to take more marks around the ground playing effectively as a tall ruck rover and sometimes with the additional ability to kick goals while playing from the midfield or drop back into defence when required. The 1980s and 1990s were the dominant era for the modern mobile rucks in the VFL/AFL and Jim Stynes was one of the first in this mould.[3]

A heavy ruck (or thump ruck) practices a more physical style of rucking. Typically, the player is of a larger or taller build and uses brute force (and a style often referred to as "crash and bash") to take their opponent out of the contest and punch the ball forward, typically going for distance and penetration into their attacking zone. These players are typically slower around the ground and less inclined to jump, as such are sometimes referred to as "dinosaurs" and sometimes criticised for a lack of skill around the ground. Heavy rucks became the dominant rucks in the VFL/AFL in the 1890s and also the 1960s and 1970s. This type of ruckwork is rarer in the modern game, more so at its highest level. At the beginning of 2003, the AFL rules were changed so that rucks must stand at opposite sides and run towards each other. This change affected thump rucks especially as players must now maximise their jump and reach if they are to win the tap.

Rucks are often used by coaches strategically.

Attacking strategies

A Western Bulldogs player rises over the top of the two designated rucks to employ a tandem ruckwork strategy in an AFL match at the Telstra Dome in Melbourne.

A ruck contest after an umpire ball-up during a women's game. Players surround the contest, waiting for the tap.

Using tandem rucks, often known as third man up, is a tactic often employed around the ground as a set play strategy (though was made illegal in the AFL from 2016[4]). As only one ruck from each side can be used at centre bounces, this tactic is restricted to boundary throw-ins and bounces. It involves a second tall or high jumping player from one of the sides contesting the ruck, typically when the taller rucks are wrestling at ground level or consistently ineffective in getting a clear tap away. The tactic became especially popular during the 2015 season. It often results in a thump forward to keep the ball moving towards goal, as it is difficult for the shorter player contesting the ruck to aim a tap. This is because they are not able to be assisted by lifting and can often be put off balance in the air when jumping over the top of rucks. Additionally, by committing an extra player to the ruck contest, there is one less player from that team around the contest - though this can also have the effect of opening up space for more creative roving players. Some key position players are designated secondary rucks for boundary throw-ins and will sometimes be used in tandem ruckwork.

During kick-ins the ruck can sometimes be a designated target. With extra height it is difficult for opposition players to take marks against them and they are an easier target to spot in a cluster. However the AFL's introduction of Gaelic Football's quick kick-in rule in 2006 tended to favour shorter passes to smaller players over set plays with high kicks involving the ruck.

In a contested situation, the ruck may be instructed to "bring the ball to ground", so that the smaller rovers or crumbers on their team know to attack the ball from front and square positions to gain possession.

Rucks are sometimes dropped into the goal square during an attack on goals from outside scoring distance. This way they become a tall marking target if a player decides to "bomb" a kick into the goal square. The term resting ruck is used when a ruck is played in the forward line between stints in the ruck. As the ruck requires almost constant running, "resting" in the forward line gives the ruck much needed breaks and with their heights they do not need to run or lead as much into space to contest marks when the ball does reach the forward line.

A ruck contest occurs in a 2017 AFL match between Hawthorn and Adelaide. The 2017 AFL season was the first AFL season to outlaw the "third man up" tactic

The ball-up has been a feature of the Laws of the Game since 1872,[5] necessitating a "ruck" with the term entering the Australian rules vernacular around 1876. The term for the player was not initially gendered, "ruck-man" or "ruckman" did not enter general use until early in the 20th century (circa 1903). Bouncing the ball for the ruck became common from as early as 1880;[6] the rules formally changed to a mandate a bounce in 1887.[7]

In 2004, a new centre circle rule was introduced to reduce the ruck's run-up. The aim was to decrease the knee clashes and posterior cruciate ligament injuries experienced by many rucks. The new rules favour taller players and those with high vertical leaps, and many mobile rucks now find it difficult to contest.

During the 2008 AFL season, the AFL introduced an additional two boundary umpires which many labelled the "quick throw-in" rule. Designed to make the game faster and more attractive for television viewers, this new rule had the unintended effect of many professional rucks no longer being able to contest boundary throw-ins.[8]

The practice of "third man up" was outlawed for the 2017 season and beyond, in order to protect rucks. A player from each team must be "nominated" at each ruck contest, and only the nominated players can contest the ruck. No other player may come into contact with the ball until it has been hit by either ruck or until the ball hits the ground, or they will have a "ruck infringement" free kick given against them. Due to initial practice phase during the JLT Community Series, many free kicks were given against players who accidentally came into contact with the ball, especially when they were not watching the contest. A notable example of this was when Adelaide Crows player Dean Gore was penalised after the ball hit him before it had been cleared. Gore was facing away from the contest. As a direct result of this and other similar incidents, the AFL clarified the rule, so that if the field umpire concluded that a player genuinely contacted the ball accidentally, a play on would be called.

Standing at 211 cm (6'11") tall, Aaron Sandilands (right) of the Fremantle Dockers makes for an effective ruck.

Examples of modern-day rucks in the Australian Football League include Max Gawn, Brodie Grundy, Nic Naitanui and Todd Goldstein.

Aaron Sandilands stood at 2.11m (6 ft 11 in) which was the equal tallest (along with Peter Street, Mason Cox and Ned Reeves) ruck in AFL/VFL history and was considered to be one of the most dominant rucks in the game.[9]

Due to the requirement for rucks to be very tall, in recent years clubs have often gone outside of the traditional junior football leagues to recruit rucks. Cameron Jackson was recruited by Fremantle in the 1998 Rookie Draft after previously playing in the National Basketball League, but never played an AFL game. The selection of Dean Brogan by Port Adelaide with the 26th selection in the 1999 AFL Draft was much more successful, with Brogan playing for Port for 12 seasons and playing 174 games, including the being a member of the winning 2004 AFL Grand Final team. He had previously won an NBL championship with the Adelaide 36ers.[10] Other basketballers such as David Fanning (Cairns Taipans and Collingwood),[11] Daniel Bass (Metropolitan State University of Denver and Port Adelaide),[10] Seamus McNamara (Marist College, TSV Dachau Spurs and Collingwood),[12] Alex Starling (Bethune-Cookman University and Sydney)[13] and Ben Dowell (Santa Clara University and Adelaide)[14] have all been recruited, but have not been as successful as Brogan in converting to Australian football at the AFL level. Another non-traditional recruit, Mike Pyke (Canada rugby union, US Montauban and Sydney), has enjoyed somewhat more AFL success than most of the aforementioned basketballers.[15] Jason Holmes was also recruited from a college basketball background and became the first Americans to play in the AFL.[16] The aforementioned Mason Cox (Oklahoma State University basketball and Collingwood) has also had a solid career to date.[17]

• Follower (Australian rules football)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ruckwork (Australian rules football).

• Video of Matthew Primus demonstrating basics of ruckwork