List of rulers of Aq Qoyunlu
The Bayandurids[1] or the Tur-'Alids[2] ruled over the Aq Qoyunlu confederation, that was founded by Tur Ali bin Pehlwan (1340-1360 C.E.), and was followed by his son Qutlugh bin Tur Ali (1360-1378/79 C.E.) and his grandson Uthman Beg respectively, the founder of Aq Qoyunlu state. The dynasty originated around Diyarbakır and ruled the territory now part of present-day Turkey, Iraq and Iran. Their capital was the city of Tabriz after 1471-1472. They gained international significance under Uzun Hasan who became their greatest leader. He conquered the Qara Qoyunlu and defeated the Timurid Empire, thus adding significant portions of Iran to his kingdom. He eventually lost to the Ottoman Empire, weakening his kingdom. The kingdom was eventually absorbed into Safavid Iran.
Aq Qoyunlu rulers
- In letters from the Ottoman Sultans, when addressing the kings of Aq Qoyunlu, such titles as Arabic: ملك الملوك الأيرانية "Iranian King of Kings", Arabic: سلطان السلاطين الإيرانية "Iranian Sultan of Sultans", Persian: شاهنشاه ایران خدیو عجم Shåhanshåh Irån Khadiv Ajam "Shahanshah of Iran and Ruler of Persia", Jamshid shawkat va Fereydun råyat va Dårå deråyat "Powerful like Jamshid, flag of Fereydun and wise like Darius" have been used.[3] Uzun Hassan also held the title Padishah-i Iran "Padishah of Iran",[4] which was re-adopted again in the Safavid times through his grandson Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty.
| Titular Name | Personal Name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bey بیگ |
Pehlavan bey Bayandur | ? - 1340 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ |
Tur Ali Pehlwan طور علی پہلوان |
1340 - 1360 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ Fakhr-al-Din فخر الدین |
Qutlugh bin Tur Ali قتلغ بن طور علی |
1360 - 1378/79 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ |
Ahmed bin Qutlugh احمد بن قتلغ Nominally Under Qara Yoluq Osman from 1396 - 1403 C.E. |
1389 - 1403 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ Baha-al-Din بھا الدین |
Uthman Beg قرا یولک عثمان |
1403 - 1435 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ Jalal-al-Din جلال الدین |
Ali Beg علی بن قرا یولک عثمان |
1435 - 1438 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ Nur-al-Din نور الدین |
Hamza Beg حمزہ بن قرا یولک عثمان |
1438 - 1444 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ Mu'izz-al-Din معز الدین |
Jahangir جهانگیر بن علی |
1444 - 1451/52 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ |
Qilich Arslan bin Ahmed قلچ ارسلان بن احمد |
1451/52 - 1457 | |
| Bey بیگ Abul-Nasr ابو النصر |
Uzun Hasan اوزون حسن بن علی |
1457 - 1478 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ Abul-Fath ابو الفتح |
Sultan Khalil سلطان خلیل بن اوزون حسن |
1478 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ Abul-Muzaffar ابو المظفر |
Yaqub bin Uzun Hasan یعقوب بن اوزون حسن |
1478 - 1490 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ Abul-Fath ابو الفتح |
Baysunqur بایسنقر بن یعقوب |
1490 - 1491 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ Abul-Muzaffar ابو المظفر |
Rustam Beg رستم بن مقصود بن اوزون حسن |
1493 - 1497 C.E. | |
| Bey بیگ Abul-Nasr ابو النصر |
Ahmad Beg احمد گوده بن اغورلو محمد بن اوزون حسن |
1497 C.E. | |
| Division of Aq Qoyunlu Beylik. | |||
- Yellow Shaded rows signify Progenitors of Aq Qoyunlu dynasty.
- Blue Shaded row signifies Nominal rule.
| Diyarbakır | Azerbaijan | Iraq | Isfahan, Fars & Kerman | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bey بیگ Qasem Beg 1498 - 1499 C.E. |
Bey بیگ Abul-Muzaffar ابو المظفر Alwand bin Yusuf bin Uzun Hasan الوند بن یوسف بن اوزون حسن 1497 - 1502 C.E. |
Bey بیگ Abul-Mukarram ابو المکرم Muhammad bin Yusuf bin Uzun Hasan محمد بن یوسف بن اوزون حسن 1497 - 1500 C.E. | ||
| Bey بیگ Zayn-al-Aibidin bin Ahmed bin Ughurlu Muhammad زین العابدین بن احمد بن اغورلو محمد 1504 - 1514 C.E. |
Shāh Ismāʿil شاہ اسماعیل After invading Shirvan and taking Baku, Shah Ismail I besieged the fort at Gulistan when news arrived that Alwand bin Yusuf bin Uzun Hasan had reached Nakhchivan with an army. Ismail broke off the siege and went rapidly to combat the Aq Qoyunlu. He sent his commander Piri Beg who defeated the Aq Qoyunlu commander Amir Uthman at the Battle of Shurur near Nakhchivan thus leaving the Aq Qoyunlu to rapidly collapse as a kingdom. 1502 C.E. |
Bey بیگ Abul-Muzaffar ابو المظفر Sultan Murad bin Yaqub bin Uzun Hasan سلطان مراد بن یعقوب بن اوزون حسن 1500 - 1514 C.E. | ||
| Dissolution of Aq Qoyunlu in 1514. Absorbed into the Safavid Empire of Iran. | ||||
References
- William Marsden; Stephen Album (1977). Marsden's Numismata Orientalia Illustrata: A Guide to Islamic and Oriental Coins with Values. p. 145.
The dynasty is also known as the Bayandurids because the ruling family derived from the Bayandur clan of the "White Sheep" Turkomans.
- Woods, John E. (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. p. 34. ISBN 0-87480-565-1.
- Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature. Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī., pp. 193, 274, 315, 330, 332, 422 and 430. See also: Abdul Hussein Navai, Asnaad o Mokatebaat Tarikhi Iran (Historical sources and letters of Iran), Tehran, Bongaah Tarjomeh and Nashr-e-Ketab, 2536, pages 578,657, 701-702 and 707
- H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
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