Government of the Ryukyu Islands

The Government of the Ryukyu Islands (琉球政府, Ryūkyū Seifu) was the self-government of native Okinawans during the American occupation of Okinawa.[1] It was created by proclamation of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (USCAR) on April 1, 1952, and was abolished on May 14, 1972, when Okinawa was returned to Japan, in accordance with the 1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement. The government was headed by a Chief Executive (行政主席, Gyōsei Shuseki), and had an elected legislature. It often had conflicts with USCAR, who could overrule all of their decisions. The Ryukyuan government was the driving force behind the movement for Okinawa to return to Japanese administration.

This article is about the government of the Ryukyu Islands under the United States Occupation. For the current government, see Okinawa Prefecture.

History of Ryukyu

Periods
Prehistoricpre–14,000 BC
Early Shell Mound14,000–300 BC
Middle Shell Mound300 BC–750 AD
Late Shell Mound750–1187
Gusuku1187–1314
Sanzan1314–1429
Hokuzan1314?–1416
Chūzan1314?–1429
Nanzan1314?–1429
Ryukyu Kingdom1429–1879
First Shō dynasty1429–1469
Second Shō dynasty1469–1879
Satsuma Invasion1609
Ryukyu Domain1872–1879
Japanese Annexation1879
Meiji1879–1912
Taishō1912–1926
Pre-World War II1926–1945
Militarism
Battle of Okinawa1945
U. S. administration1945–1972
Military Government1945–1950
Civil Administration1950–1972
Government1952–1972
Tokara Reversion1952
Amami Reversion1953
Koza riot1970
Okinawa Reversion Agreement1971
Okinawa Reversion1972
Okinawa Prefecture1972–present
Kagoshima Prefecture1953–present
Topics

The government consisted of an executive branch, a legislative branch, and a judicial branch; the legislature made its own laws. From 1952 to 1960, the Chief Executive was appointed by USCAR. He was then nominated by the leader of the dominant party of the legislature (1960–66), elected in the legislature (1966–68), and finally elected by the citizens (1968–72).

Background

In 1945, the Okinawa Advisory Council was established by order of the United States Armed Forces, to administer the Okinawa Islands, the prefecture office of which had been eliminated as a result of Battle of Okinawa. The surviving prefecture offices, including those of Miyako Subprefecture and Yaeyama Subprefecture, established their own independent administrations. On February 2, 1946, after the decision to partition Japan's territory south of the 30th parallel north, Ōshima Subprefecture (including the Amami Islands and Tokara Islands) separated from the jurisdiction of Kagoshima Prefecture and came under the command of the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands. On August 4, 1950, after multiple reorganizations, the Government of the Okinawa Islands, Government of the Miyako Islands, Government of the Yaeyama Islands, and Government of the Amami Islands were established.

Originally, these administrative organizations were lower branches of the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands. In 1950, this military government changed its name to the "United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands." USCAR directed and supervised these subordinate governments, with the power to unconditionally veto their decisions.

Until 1952, the island governments were headed by popularly elected governors and frequently exhibited speech and conduct contrary to the intentions of USCAR, such as demands to return to Japanese administration. In response, USCAR created the Government of the Ryukyu Islands (GRI), headed by Ryukyu residents designated by USCAR itself. This government had its own courts, legislature, and executive, forming the judicial, legislative, and executive branches of government, respectively. However, there was no change in the policy allowing USCAR to annul any government decision, and the government was under USCAR surveillance.[2] Nonetheless, the movement to return to rule by the Japanese mainland was popular to the extent that every legislative session, from the very first, passed a resolution to return to Japanese administration. The Ryukyuan government and legislature were the driving force behind the later movement for Okinawa Prefecture to return to Japanese control, against the wishes of USCAR.

Members of government

Chief executives
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Political party
1 Shūhei Higa
(1902–1956)[lower-alpha 1]		 1 April 1951 25 October 1956 Ryūkyū Democratic Party
2 Jūgō Tōma
(1895–1971)[lower-alpha 2]		 25 October 1956 10 November 1959 Independent
3 Seisaku Ōta
(1904–1999)		 10 November 1959 31 October 1964 Okinawa Liberal Democratic Party
4 Seiho Matsuoka
(1897–1989)		 31 October 1964 1 December 1968 Okinawa Liberal Democratic Party
5 Chōbyō Yara
(1902–1997)[lower-alpha 3]		 1 December 1968 14 May 1972 Okinawa Social Mass Party

[3]

Notes
  1. Provisional to 1 April 1952.
  2. Acting to 1 November 1956.
  3. Afterwards served as the Governor of Okinawa Prefecture, from 1972 to 1976.

References
  1. "Yahoo!百科事典 サービス終了のお知らせ". 100.yahoo.co.jp. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
  2. "Rights of Persons Belonging to Minorities - The Issue of Ryukyu and Okinawa" (PDF). IMADR. Association of the Indigenous Peoples in the Ryukyus, Shimin Gaikou Centre. 2014. p. 7. Retrieved 2023-03-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. "Okinawa and Ryukyu Islands". worldstatesmen.org. B. Cahoon. Retrieved 2015-09-23.

Bibliography
  • Teraya, Eiichi. 沖縄行政機構変遷史 : 明治12年〜昭和59年. (1984)
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