Screen for child anxiety related disorders

The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) is a self-report screening questionnaire for anxiety disorders developed in 1997.[1] The SCARED is intended for youth, 9–18 years old,[1] and their parents to complete in about 10 minutes.[2] It can discriminate between depression and anxiety, as well as among distinct anxiety disorders. The SCARED is useful for generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, phobic disorders, and school anxiety problems.[3] Most available self-report instruments that measure anxiety in children look at general aspects of anxiety rather than Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) categorizations.[4] The SCARED was developed as an instrument for both children and their parents that would encompass several DSM-IV and DSM-5 categorizations of the anxiety disorders: somatic/panic, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, social phobia, and school phobia.[4]

Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, Revised
SynonymsSCARED-R
LOINC62715-8

Each question measures the frequency or intensity of symptoms or behaviors.[5] This assessment has been found to be both valid and reliable in research settings.[6][2][4]

In 2017 SCARED was adapted to create the Screen for Adult Anxiety Related Disorders (SCAARED).[7] The SCAARED screens for four factors of anxiety related disorders; somatic/panic/agoraphobia, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, and social anxiety. The SCAARED will be used in longitudinal studies that follow youth into adulthood, as well as studies that compare child and adult populations.[7]

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The SCARED was developed to screen for anxiety disorders in children; there is a parent version as well as a youth self-report version.[6]

The original version developed in 1997 was available in 38 items. The SCARED is most commonly used in the 41-item version published in 1999 which was updated with three additional items in the social phobia scale.[3] There is also a 66-item SCARED-Revised (SCARED-R) that includes the panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and separation anxiety disorder scales.[3]

Reliability
Rubric for evaluating norms and reliability for the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders[8]
Criterion Rating Explanation
NormsGoodMultiple research studies of large relevant clinical samples.[6]
Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, split half, etc.)GoodAlphas ranging from .74 to .89[6]
Inter-rater reliabilityNot publishedNo published studies formally checking inter-rater reliability
Test-retest reliability (stabilityAdequater = .86 over a median of 5 weeks[6]
RepeatabilityNot publishedNo published studies formally checking repeatability

Validity
Evaluation of validity and utility for the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders[8]
Criterion Rating Explanation
Content validityExcellentCovers DSM diagnostic symptoms for anxiety disorders and specific phobias.[2]
Construct validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity)ExcellentShows convergent validity with other symptom scales. SCARED significantly positively correlated with CBCL.[4]
Discriminative validityGoodAUC of .67, able to discriminate between children with anxiety versus non-anxiety disorders in clinical settings, as well as individual types of anxiety disorders.[4]
Validity generalizationGoodUsed in clinical settings for children and adolescents ages 9–18. Reliable across genders and ethnicities. SCARED has been translated into multiple languages with good reliability[6][2]
Treatment responsivityGoodStudies show sensitivity to treatment effects when children took the SCARED pre and post treatment suggesting the assessment is effective in both clinical and research settings[9]
Clinical utilityGoodFree (public domain)

Use

The SCARED provides an assessment that detects anxiety disorders in children and differentiates between depression and anxiety and specific anxiety and phobia disorders.[2] The assessment should not be used alone to diagnose a child with an anxiety disorder, however research suggest it is a reliable and useful tool when used along with clinical interviewing diagnose anxiety disorders. The SCARED's treatment sensitivity means that it is useful in both clinical and research settings to measure symptoms and presence of anxiety longitudinally, specifically over the course of treatment. It has proved useful in studying the effectiveness of certain treatments of anxiety disorders in children.[2], however, research founds discrepancies between parent-child agreement warranting further examination of the tool.[10]

In other populations

Studies of the SCARED also indicate good psychometric properties for children and adolescents of different cultures, distinguishing itself from other similar questionnaires.[3] The SCARED has been found to be a reliable assessment tool in several different cultures and translated into many different languages, including, but not limited to, French, German,[11] Italian, Dutch,[12] Spanish, Chinese, Arabic, and Thai.[3]

Limitations

The assessment tool is limited in that it is a self-report measure, which may introduce bias. Another limitation is that, depending on the age and maturity of the child filling out the questionnaire, they may have difficulty recognizing the frequency or severity of both external and internal symptoms. The parent may also be limited in recognizing the internal symptoms of their child's anxiety.[6]

Development and history

Prior to the development of the SCARED, three widely used rating scales for anxiety in children and adolescents included the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children,[13] and the Somatic State and Trait Anxiety Scale.[14] While these methods were useful in assessing general anxiety symptoms, they were unable to discriminate between anxiety disorders. To address this shortcoming, the SCARED was developed based on DSM-IV classification to screen specifically for general anxiety disorder (GAD), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), panic disorder, social phobia, and school phobia.[6]

See also

References
  1. Runyon K, Chesnut SR, Burley H (November 2018). "Screening for childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders". J Affect Disord. 240: 220–229. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.049. PMID 30081293. S2CID 51925975.
  2. Birmaher, Boris; Brent, David A.; Chiappetta, Laurel; Bridge, Jeffrey; Monga, Suneeta; Baugher, Marianne (1999). "Psychometric Properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): A Replication Study". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 38 (10): 1230–1236. doi:10.1097/00004583-199910000-00011. PMID 10517055.
  3. Hale, William W., III; Crocetti, Elisabetta; Raaijmakers, Quinten A.W.; Meeus, Wim H.J. (2011-01-01). "A meta-analysis of the cross-cultural psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 52 (1): 80–90. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02285.x. hdl:1874/385266. ISSN 1469-7610. PMID 20662993. S2CID 25396910.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Monga S, Birmaher B, Chiappetta L, Brent D, Kaufman J, Bridge J, Cully M (2000). "Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Convergent and divergent validity". Depression and Anxiety. 12 (2): 85–91. doi:10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:2<85::aid-da4>3.0.co;2-2. PMID 11091931. S2CID 13426853.
  5. BIRMAHER, BORIS; KHETARPAL, SUNEETA; BRENT, DAVID; CULLY, MARLANE; BALACH, LISA; KAUFMAN, JOAN; NEER, SANDRA MCKENZIE (1997). "The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Scale Construction and Psychometric Characteristics". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 36 (4): 545–553. doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018. ISSN 0890-8567. PMID 9100430.
  6. Birmaher, Boris; Khetarpal, Suneeta; Brent, David; Cully, Marlane; Balach, Lisa; Kaufman, Joan; Neer, Sandra McKenzie (1997). "The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Scale Construction and Psychometric Characteristics". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 36 (4): 545–553. doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018. PMID 9100430.
  7. Angulo, Melina; Rooks, Brian T.; Gill, MaryKay; Goldstein, Tina; Sakolsky, Dara; Goldstein, Benjamin; Monk, Kelly; Hickey, Mary Beth; Diler, Rasim S. (2017). "Psychometrics of the Screen for Adult Anxiety Related Disorders (SCAARED)- A New Scale for the Assessment of DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders". Psychiatry Research. 253: 84–90. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.034. PMC 5472098. PMID 28359032.
  8. Hunsley, J., & Mash, E. J. (2008). Developing criteria for evidence-based assessment: An introduction to assessments that work. In J. Hunsley & E. J. Mash (Eds.), A guide to assessments that work (2nd ed., pp. 3-16). Oxford University Press.
  9. Muris, Peter; Merckelbach, Harald; Gadet, Björn; Moulaert, Véronique; Tierney, Sandy (December 1999). "Sensitivity for Treatment Effects of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders". Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 21 (4): 323–335. doi:10.1023/A:1022120832187. ISSN 0882-2689. S2CID 141692336.
  10. Behrens, Brigid; Swetlitz, Caroline; Pine, Daniel S.; Pagliaccio, David (2019-06-01). "The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Informant Discrepancy, Measurement Invariance, and Test–Retest Reliability". Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 50 (3): 473–482. doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0854-0. ISSN 1573-3327. PMC 7339086. PMID 30460424.
  11. Weitkamp, Katharina; Romer, Georg; Rosenthal, Sandra; Wiegand-Grefe, Silke; Daniels, Judith (2010-01-01). "German Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Reliability, Validity, and Cross-Informant Agreement in a Clinical Sample". Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 4: 19. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-4-19. ISSN 1753-2000. PMC 2912250. PMID 20591137.
  12. Hale, William; Raaijmakers, Quinten; Muris, Peter; Meeus, Wim (2005). "Psychometric Properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) in the General Adolescent Population". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 44 (3): 283–290. doi:10.1097/00004583-200503000-00013. PMID 15725973.
  13. Ollendick (2006). "Appendix III: Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised" (PDF). Fear Survey Schedule for Children- Revised. pp. 322–328. doi:10.1002/9780470713334.app3. ISBN 9780470713334.
  14. Grös, Daniel F.; Antony, Martin M.; Simms, Leonard J.; McCabe, Randi E. (2007). "Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)". Psychological Assessment. 19 (4): 369–381. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369. PMID 18085930.
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