SS Deutschland (1900)

After the introduction of Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse by the Nord Deutsches Lloyd and its enormous success with the travelling public, in 1899 the HAPAG board of directors has voted for once again building a greyhound for the transatlantic route despite the clear protests from the general director Albert Ballin,[4] who argued that "the race for speed is futile, the line should focus on constructing big, safe and comfortable ocean liners".[4]

Deutschland's hull under construction

2 crank shaft, Quadruple expansion steam engines before the fitting

As the Shipyard of choice, the line approached the Stettiner Vulcan Werft, the same yard that constructed their direct competition, the Kaiser. With the newly approaching 20th century, HAPAG decided that the Deutschland should be a culmination of all newest technologies, styles and trends.[3]

She was the 3rd biggest ship on the world,[3] after the great eastern, and the RMS Oceanic which also came out in 1899. She was outfitted with all the newest marine technologies that were available on the market, she had an early system of automatic watertight doors that could be closed off from the bridge at any time, an advanced steam recycling system, pneumatic tube messaging system, and a powerful pair of, double stroke, quadruple expansion steam engines with extra cylinders above the intermediate cylinders.[4] Which gave her a max. horse power of 34.000 (Although on one voyage it was reported that 37.800 were reached.).[4]

The fitting of the rudder on the completed hull

Deutschland's construction number was 244 and the keel was laid down around the end of 1899, during the entire time of the construction newspapers were boasting about the construction of the ship and reporting on all the newest methods of construction being used.[3] The ship was launched on the 10th of January 1900 by the Kaiser family themselves. The fitting out process finished on the 25th of June 1900.

The ship in Germany would originally be addressed with the “Schnelldampfer”, “Doppelschraubenschnelldampfer” or with the more prestigious previx, “Reichspostdamper”.[4]

1st class dining room skylight

Comfort wise, the Deutschland had a whole new interior style be developed for it, as up to this point HAPAG was copying the styes of the NDL ships, the “Jugend Stil” or a more simplistic version of “Art nouveau” was chosen,[3] as it was an emerging popular style in west Europe at that time which was being associated with modernity.

Deutschland's first-class accommodation which was in the center of the ship, spread out on 5 decks could accommodate up to 693 first class passengers in utmost comfort, the central piece of the ship was its enormous skylight spanning 4 decks, it provided natural light to the music room, grand staircase and the dining salon. The newspapers of that time were calling it: "the worlds most beautiful skylight".[4]

Grill Room onboard the Deutschland

On the boat-deck, in the center of the ship was the first class entrance, with a couple of staterooms, a printers office for onboard newspaper (A technology that also the Deutschland introduced to ocean liners for the first time[4]) and a nursery. Although around 1902/3 it was rebuilt into the “Vienna café” with light colors and golden details, the waiters were dressed in slightly "oriental uniforms" to further "exotify" the café.[3] The reason for the replacement of the nursery is unknown, but it might be possible that around that time HAPAG decided to let the children dine with their parents in the main dining saloon, a practice that was rather uncommon at that time in the elite circles.[4]

At the stern of the ship besides a couple of staterooms, was the “Grill room”, a small restaurant similar to the later “A la carte” restaurant found on the Olympic class liners. It was run by an independent restaurant staff from brought from Berlin, the style of the restaurant is supposed to remind the diner of an authentic german mountain “Gasthaus”. The woodwork was out of mahogany and in the center of the room except for the skylight and a bar was big green ceramic tiled oven,[4] that was used to grill/prepare the dishes in front of the customers table.

On A deck was the music room/lounge kept in white colors with a golden wallpaper,[3] smoking room with a big central skylight, a painting showing the Hamburg harbor and a statue on either side representing "trade" and the "market". The whole room was kept in a light blue color scheme.

B deck consisted mainly of 1st class staterooms, 4 suites every in a different style, a barber shop and purses office.[5]

1st class music room

C deck had the first class dining saloon, made out of mahogany with red Japanese wallpaper on the walls and a light beige carpeting.[5]

2nd class accommodations were in styles an exact replica of the ones found in first class but a lot smaller, that dining room could accommodate all 302 2nd class passengers in one sitting, unlike the 1st class dining saloon that needed 2 sittings.[4]

3rd class was found at the bow of the ship, it did not differ a lot from the Kaiser Wilhelm der grosse.

Deutschland docked in New York around 1903

The Deutschland left Bremerhaven on the 5th of July 1900, commanded by Captain Adolf Albers with a stop at Cherbourg and Plymouth bound for New York. She crossed by Sandy Hook in 5 days, 11 hours and 5 min. with an average 23,51knts.[4] She won the blue riband from Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, the fanfair both in Germany and the US was big, his majesty Kaiser Wilhelm II himself sent a telegram to HAPAG with the words “Bravo Deutschland!”[4] congratulating her on breaking the record.

On the way back the broke the eastbound record averaging 23,38 knts. with 5 days 11 hours and 45 minutes.[4] Among the fanfare however it became clear that the ship has big vibration problems, especially when reaching high speeds. 2nd class passengers felt it the worst as they were situated in the stern of the ship where the vibrations were the strongest. A year later she was drydocked in Stettin where her propellers were replaced to try to minimize the problem no avail.

Deutschland near New York, 1903

In March 1902, she played a role in the Deutschland incident. When she was carrying Prince Henry, the brother of the Kaiser back to Europe from a highly publicized visit to the United States, the ship was prevented from using her Slaby-d'Arco system of wireless telegraphy as the Marconi radio stations refused its radio traffic through their nets and blocked the rival system. Prince Henry—who tried to send wireless messages to both the U.S. and Germany—was outraged. During a later conference, the Marconi company was forced to give access to their stations to other companies. This incident turned out to be one of the important moments in the early history of wireless transmission.

Also in 1902 during a rough storm returning from new York, Deutschland's whole rudder along with a part of her keel were ripped off her stern, the ship had to be maneuvered to Europe and the dock using only her propellers. This exhausted captain Albers to such an extent that during her docking in Bremerhaven he collapsed in the chart room in the hands of his 1st Officer and died of a heart attack.[4]

Menu from the "Auguste Victoria" showing the Deutschland

It was also in 1902 that John Jacob Astor, travelled on the Deutschland to New York in one of her suites on the B-Deck, he would perish in 1912 on the maiden voyage of the Titanic.[4]

In July 1903, while leaving Bremerhaven a sail schooner got a bit too close to the ship and her sails got caught up in the railing of the ship.[4] The boats started getting sucked up by the ship's propellers. The ship's captain ordered a full stop and for a lifeboat to be lowered to rescue the crew of the schooner. The voyage could recommence after the boat got freed and the excitement subsided.

On 17 July 1906 Deutschland collided with a stone pier when departing the Port of Dover for New York, her engines having been put into forward rather than reverse. The ship's bow was damaged causing the voyage to be abandoned, with Deutschland being repaired at Southampton.

In 1907 the ship's vibration problems were finally solved by adjusting the angle of the propeller blades and a partial rebuild of her stern,[5] mainly the keel and rudder area. But by that time Cunard took back the east bound record with the Lusitania. She kept on sailing for 3 more years before finally being pulled from the transatlantic service.

Victoria Luise seen docked at Havana, around 1912

She became one of the first cruise liners of the 20th century. Her original engines were derated as a high service speed was no longer needed. At the same time, the exterior of the ship was repainted in all white and her passenger capacity was also reduced to only 500 first-class passengers.

Swimming pool onboard the Victoria Luise, around 1912

Her interiors were mainly left intact except for the removal of service rooms behind the third funnel, and the construction of a ballroom with a parquet dance floor. The grill room was repurposed into a tea room,[5] the Vienna café got replaced by staterooms and on the boat deck a film developing room was made.[5] Another novelty addition was a swimming pool located a deck below the dining saloon. This would make her one of the first ships to have a swimming pool, the first being the White Star Line’s RMS Adriatic.[6]

She was also given a new name, Viktoria Luise. She replaced their first purpose-built cruise ship of similar name (Prinzessin Victoria Luise) that ran aground and was destroyed off the coast of Jamaica in 1906.

On 8 June 1914, Viktoria Luise ran aground in the Elbe and developed a list. Her engine rooms flooded. She was later refloated, repaired, and returned to service.

In World War I Viktoria Luise was converted for use as an auxiliary cruiser, but because of her still-troublesome engines, she was not used as such by the Imperial German Navy.

In 1920, she was pressed into emigrant carrier service and renamed Hansa. During the renaming, Hansa had two funnels removed and had some of her interiors refitted. She became a full 3rd class liner, for exception of the 36 2nd class spots.[5]

The United States passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921 and the even more restrictive Immigration Act of 1924, which substantially reduced the emigrant trade from Europe. Ultimately Hansa was sold for scrap in 1925.

• 
  The SS Deutschland in the open seas in 1906
• 
  The ship in 1905
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  First Class Ladies Parlour of the SS Deutschland
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  First Class Smoking Room of the SS Deutschland
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  Panorama view of Panama with Victoria Luise entering the harbor
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  Deutschland speeding through the Atlantic, around 1901
• 
  Panorama view of Havana Harbor with Victoria Luise, different paint scheme
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  Entering New York, around 1911
• 
  Hansa in 1921

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victoria Luise (ship, 1900).

• http://thegreatoceanliners.com/articles/deutschland/
• https://hochhaus-schiffsbetrieb.jimdo.com/schnelldampfer-deutschland/
• https://www.ggarchives.com/OceanTravel/ImmigrantShips/Deutschland.html
• https://www.worldofgermanliners.com/deutschland
• The Great Ocean Liners: Deutschland Archived 2009-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Lost Liners: Deutschland

51°40′N 1°37′E