Sagitta (geometry)

In the following equations, ${\displaystyle s}$ denotes the sagitta (the depth or height of the arc), ${\displaystyle r}$ equals the radius of the circle, and ${\displaystyle l}$ the length of the chord spanning the base of the arc. As ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}l}$ and ${\displaystyle r-s}$ are two sides of a right triangle with ${\displaystyle r}$ as the hypotenuse, the Pythagorean theorem gives us

${\displaystyle r^{2}=\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}l\right)^{2}+\left(r-s\right)^{2}.}$

This may be rearranged to give any of the other three:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s&=r-{\sqrt {r^{2}-{\tfrac {1}{4}}l^{2}}},\\[10mu]l&=2{\sqrt {2rs-s^{2}}},\\[5px]r&={\frac {s^{2}+{\tfrac {1}{4}}l^{2}}{2s}}={\frac {s}{2}}+{\frac {l^{2}}{8s}}.\end{aligned}}}$

The sagitta may also be calculated from the versine function, for an arc that spans an angle of Δ = 2θ, and coincides with the versine for unit circles

${\displaystyle s=r\operatorname {versin} \theta =r\left(1-\cos \theta \right)=2r\sin ^{2}{\frac {\theta }{2}}.}$

When the sagitta is small in comparison to the radius, it may be approximated by the formula[2]

${\displaystyle s\approx {\frac {l^{2}}{8r}}.}$

Alternatively, if the sagitta is small and the sagitta, radius, and chord length are known, they may be used to estimate the arc length by the formula

${\displaystyle a\approx l+{\frac {2s^{2}}{r}}\approx l+{\frac {8s^{2}}{3l}},}$

where a is the length of the arc; this formula was known to the Chinese mathematician Shen Kuo, and a more accurate formula also involving the sagitta was developed two centuries later by Guo Shoujing.[3]

Architects, engineers, and contractors use these equations to create "flattened" arcs that are used in curved walls, arched ceilings, bridges, and numerous other applications.

The sagitta also has uses in physics where it is used, along with chord length, to calculate the radius of curvature of an accelerated particle. This is used especially in bubble chamber experiments where it is used to determine the momenta of decay particles. Likewise historically the sagitta is also utilised as a parameter in the calculation of moving bodies in a centripetal system. This method is utilised in Newton's Principia.

• Circular segment
• Versine

• Calculating the Sagitta of an Arc