Sahle Dengel

Sahle Dengel
Sahle Dengel
Emperor of Ethiopia
Reign	1832
Predecessor	Gebre Krestos
Successor	Gebre Krestos
Reign	1832 – 29 August 1840
Predecessor	Gebre Krestos
Successor	Yohannes III
Reign	October 1841 – 1845
Predecessor	Yohannes III
Successor	Yohannes III
Reign	1845–1850
Predecessor	Yohannes III
Successor	Yohannes III
Reign	1851 – 11 February 1855
Predecessor	Yohannes III
Successor	Tewodros II
Born	1778
Died	11 February 1855 (aged 76–77)
Dynasty	House of Solomon
Religion	Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo

Sahle Dengel (Ge'ez: ሣህለ ድንግል; 1778 – 11 February 1855) was Emperor of Ethiopia intermittently between 1832 and 11 February 1855, towards the end of the Zemene Mesafint. He was largely a figurehead, with real power in the hands of Ras Ali II of Yejju.

Description

The French explorer Arnaud d'Abbadie, described him thus:[1]

Sahle Dengel, an old man of about seventy, had a colored complexion almost as light as that of a European, frizzy hair white as snow, a high, even forehead, lively eyes, a beardless face; his whole somewhat vulgar person was imbued with a sensual joviality. He rested serenely on an Indian bed, still bearing the remains of a rich marquetry of ivory and mother-of-pearl; a Turkish carpet, threadbare and too narrow, left part of the foundations uncovered...

Biography

Sahle Dengel was the son of Gebre Mesay, allegedly a descendant of a younger son of Emperor Fasilides. Eduard Rüppell, who visited the capital of Gondar in 1833, stated that at the time the Emperor "barely had the income of an averagely well-to-do Ethiopian, and the great princes of the Tigray, Shewa and Amhara were unable to prevent continuous strife and bloodshed."[2]

When Sahle Dengel was set on the throne by Ras Ali, the clergy of Azazo disapproved of his religious beliefs, and convinced Ras Ali to remove him; Sahle Dengel was sent to Zengaj. Ras Ali recalled Gebre Krestos from Mitraha, an island in northeastern Lake Tana, and restored him as Emperor. However, Gebre Krestos died after three months, and Sahle Dengel met Ras Ali in a village named Tagur, where he convinced the Ras to make him Emperor once again (October, 1832). About that same time, one Egwale Anbesa announced his claim to the throne; Sahle Dengel cut his head off, and set it in a tree at Adababay.[3]

Following the death of Ras Kinfu, people fought for control of his lands in Gojjam. Eventually Menen Liben Amede gained the upper hand in the Battle of Chenti Ber (October, 1839), defeating and capturing Kinfu's relative Walda Tekle. Not long afterwards, she deposed Sahle Dengel on 29 August 1840 in favor of her husband Yohannes III.[4] However Yohannes offended Ras Ali by favoring his rival Wube Haile Maryam, and Ras Ali restored Sahle Dengel in October 1841. Sahle Dengel was still emperor in 1848, when Goshu Zewde entered Gondar and was invested with the title of Ras.[5] Yohannes somehow managed to get himself restored to the throne around 1850, only to be deposed again in 1851 and Sahle Dengel was once again restored. Despite this, Yohannes III persisted with his claim; different parts of the fragmented realm recognized one or the other as Emperor until Tewodros II consolidated Ethiopia under his control and declared himself Emperor. Significantly, Yohannes III accepted the accession of Tewodros II.

International relations

Although without power, Sahle Dengel wrote to officials outside Ethiopia using his title and seal. Existing letters include a packet of letters sent to Samuel Gobat in April 1848, who had by that time become the Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem, which ask for his help in restoring the ownership of the Dar-es-Sultan monastery to the Ethiopian community.[6] His name also appears as one of several signatories to a letter Antoine d'Abbadie delivered to Viscount Henry Palmerston 18 May 1839, which asked that Queen Victoria ask the ruler of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, to recall his forces which were then ravaging Ethiopia and threatening Gondar.[7]

Notes

d'Abbadie, Arnaud (1868). Douze ans de séjour dans la Haute-Éthiopie. Hachette. p. 209.
Edward Ullendorff, The Ethiopians, second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 83.
H. Weld Blundell, The Royal chronicle of Abyssinia, 1769-1840 (Cambridge: University Press, 1922), p. 489; Wallis Budge, E. A. (1970) [1928]. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia. Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications. p. 482.
Weld Blundell, Royal chronicle, pp. 491f
Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University, 1966), p. 39
Text and translation in David L. Appleyard (translator), Letters from Ethiopian Rulers (Early and Mid-Nineteenth Century) (Oxford: British Academy, 1985), pp. 91-118.
Discussed in Sven Rubenson, The Survival of Ethiopian Independence (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 76-82. Rubenson is suspicious of the letter in the form d'Abbadie delivered to Palmerston, and explains the missive as an attempt to create "the impression that he had been made the envoy of all Ethiopia on a national issue of some urgency."

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[1] 'Abbadie, Arnaud (1868). Douze ans de séjour dans la Haute-Éthiopie. Hachette. p. 209.

[2] Edward Ullendorff, The Ethiopians, second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 83.

[3] H. Weld Blundell, The Royal chronicle of Abyssinia, 1769-1840 (Cambridge: University Press, 1922), p. 489; Wallis Budge, E. A. (1970) [1928]. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia. Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications. p. 482.

[4] Weld Blundell, Royal chronicle, pp. 491f

[5] Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University, 1966), p. 39

[6] Text and translation in David L. Appleyard (translator), Letters from Ethiopian Rulers (Early and Mid-Nineteenth Century) (Oxford: British Academy, 1985), pp. 91-118.

[7] Discussed in Sven Rubenson, The Survival of Ethiopian Independence (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 76-82. Rubenson is suspicious of the letter in the form d'Abbadie delivered to Palmerston, and explains the missive as an attempt to create "the impression that he had been made the envoy of all Ethiopia on a national issue of some urgency."

Emperors of Ethiopia (list)
Family tree
Zagwe dynasty (1137–1270)	Mara Takla Haymanot Tatadim Jan Seyum Germa Seyum Yemrehana Krestos Kedus Harbe Gebre Mesqel Lalibela Na'akueto La'ab Yetbarak
Solomonic dynasty (1270–1632)	Yekuno Amlak Yagbe'u Seyon (Salomon I) Sons: Senfa Ared IV Hezba Asgad Qedma Asgad Jin Asgad Saba Asgad Wedem Arad Amda Seyon I Newaya Krestos Newaya Maryam Dawit I Tewodros I Yeshaq I Andreyas Takla Maryam Sarwe Iyasus Amda Iyasus Zara Yaqob (Kwestantinos I) Baeda Maryam I Eskender (Kwestantinos II) Amda Seyon II Na'od Dawit II Gelawdewos Menas Sarsa Dengel Yaqob Za Dengel Yaqob Susenyos I
Gondarine period (1632–1769)	Fasilides Yohannes I Iyasu the Great Tekle Haymanot I Tewoflos Yostos Dawit III Bakaffa Iyasu II Iyoas I
Era of the Princes (1769–1855)	Yohannes II Tekle Haymanot II Susenyos II Tekle Haymanot II Salomon II Tekle Giyorgis I Iyasu III Tekle Giyorgis I Hezqeyas Tekle Giyorgis I Baeda Maryam II Tekle Giyorgis I Salomon III Yonas Tekle Giyorgis I Salomon III Demetros Tekle Giyorgis I Demetros Egwale Seyon Iyoas II Gigar Baeda Maryam III Gigar Iyasu IV Gebre Krestos Sahle Dengel Gebre Krestos Sahle Dengel Yohannes III Sahle Dengel Yohannes III Sahle Dengel Yohannes III Sahle Dengel
Modern Ethiopia (1855–1974)	Tewodros II Tekle Giyorgis II Yohannes IV Menelik II Lij Iyasu¹ Zewditu Haile Selassie² Amha Selassie¹ ³
¹ Never crowned. ² Between 1936–1941, Haile Selassie went into exile following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. During that time, the imperial title was claimed by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. ³ Emperor-in-exile.