Agnes of Rome

Agnes of Rome (c. 291 – c.  304) is a virgin martyr, venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, as well as the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Churches. She is one of several virgin martyrs commemorated by name in the Canon of the Mass.

For other uses, see Saint Agnes (disambiguation).
Saint

Agnes of Rome
Saint Agnes by Domenichino (c. 1620)
Virgin and martyr
Bornc. 291
Rome, Italy
Diedc. 304
Rome, Italy
Venerated inCatholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodox Churches, Anglican Churches, and Lutheran Churches.
CanonizedPre-congregation
Major shrineChurch of Sant'Agnese fuori le mura and the Church of Sant'Agnese in Agone, both in Rome
Feast21 January; before Pope John XXIII revised the calendar, there was a second feast on January 28
AttributesA lamb, martyr's palm
PatronageGirls; chastity and virgins; victims of sexual abuse; betrothed couples; gardeners; Girl Guides; the Diocese of Rockville Centre, New York; Children of Mary; Collegio Capranica, Rome; the city of Fresno.

Agnes is, among other patronages, a patron saint of girls,[1] chastity, virgins, victims of sex abuse,[2] and gardeners. Her feast day is 21 January.

Biography

Substantially the broader social circumstances of her martyrdom are believed to be authentic, though the legend cannot be proven true, and many details of the fifth century Acts of Saint Agnes are open to criticism.[3] A church was built over her tomb, and her relics venerated.[4]

According to tradition, Agnes was a member of the Roman nobility, born in AD 291 and raised in an early Christian family. She suffered martyrdom at the age of twelve[5] or thirteen during the reign of the Roman emperor Diocletian, on 21 January 304.

A beautiful young girl from a wealthy family, Agnes had many suitors of high rank, and the young men, slighted by her resolute devotion to religious purity, submitted her name to the pagan authorities as a follower of Christianity.[6][7]

The Prefect Sempronius condemned Agnes to be dragged naked through the streets to a brothel. In one account, as she prayed, her hair grew and covered her body.[8] It was also said that all of the men who attempted to rape her were immediately struck blind. The son of the prefect was struck dead but revived after she prayed for him, causing her release. There commenced a trial from which Sempronius recused himself, allowing another figure to preside and sentence St. Agnes to death. She was led out and bound to a stake, but the bundle of wood would not burn, or the flames parted away from her, whereupon the officer in charge of the troops drew his sword and beheaded her, or, in some other texts, stabbed her in the throat. It is also said that her blood poured to the stadium floor where other Christians soaked it up with cloths.[9]

Agnes depicted on the medieval Royal Gold Cup in the British Museum

Agnes was buried beside the Via Nomentana in Rome.[6] A few days after her death, her foster-sister, Emerentiana, was found praying by her tomb; she claimed to be the daughter of Agnes' wet nurse, and was stoned to death after refusing to leave the place and reprimanding the people for killing her foster-sister. Emerentiana was also later canonized. The daughter of Constantine I, Constantina, was said to have been cured of leprosy after praying at Agnes' tomb. She and Emerentiana appear in the scenes from the life of Agnes on the 14th-century Royal Gold Cup in the British Museum.

An early account of Agnes' death, stressing her young age, steadfastness and virginity, but not the legendary features of the tradition, is given by Ambrose.[5]

Veneration

Agnes was venerated as a saint at least as early as the time of St Ambrose, based on an existing homily. She is commemorated in the Depositio Martyrum of Filocalus (354) and in the early Roman Sacramentaries.[7]

Saint Agnes' bones are conserved beneath the high altar in the church of Sant'Agnese fuori le mura in Rome,[10] built over the catacomb that housed her tomb. Her skull is preserved in a separate chapel in the church of Sant'Agnese in Agone in Rome's Piazza Navona.

Agnes is remembered in the Anglican Communion with a Lesser Festival on 21 January.[11][12][13]

Patronage
Santa Inés, Guarino, 1650

Because of the legend around her martyrdom, Saint Agnes is patron saint of those seeking chastity and purity.[4] She is also the patron saint of young girls and girl scouts. Folk custom called for them to practise rituals on Saint Agnes' Eve (20–21 January) with a view to discovering their future husbands. This superstition has been immortalised in John Keats's poem, The Eve of Saint Agnes.[14]

Iconography

Since the Middle Ages, Saint Agnes has traditionally been depicted as a young girl with her long hair down, with a lamb, the symbol of both her virginal innocence[15] and her name, and a sword (together with the palm branch an attribute of her martyrdom). The lamb, which is agnus in the Latin language, is also the linguistic link to the traditional blessing of lambs referred to below.

Blessing of the lambs

On the feast of Saint Agnes two lambs are traditionally brought from the Trappist abbey of Tre Fontane in Rome in order to be blessed by the Pope. In summer the lambs are shorn, and the wool is used to weave the pallia which the Pope gives on the feast of Saint Peter and Paul to the newly appointed metropolitan archbishops as a sign of his jurisdiction and their union with the pope.[6][16][17] This tradition of the blessing of the lambs has been known since the 16th century.[18]

Notable churches
The relic of the skull of Saint Agnes in Sant'Agnese in Agone, Rome

Legacy

The Congregation of Sisters of St. Agnes is a Roman Catholic religious community for women based in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, US. It was founded in 1858, by Father Caspar Rehrl, an Austrian missionary, who established the sisterhood of pioneer women under the patronage of Agnes, to whom he had a particular devotion.

St. Agnes vs Rome

The city of Santa Ynez, California is named after her.

Cultural references

Hrotsvitha, the tenth-century nun and poet, wrote a heroic poem about Agnes.[21]

In the historical novel Fabiola or, the Church of the Catacombs, written by Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman in 1854, Agnes is the soft-spoken teenage cousin and confidant of the protagonist, the beautiful noblewoman Fabiola.[22]

The Eve of St. Agnes is a Romantic narrative poem written by John Keats in 1819.

The instrumental song "Saint Agnes and the Burning Train" appears on the 1991 album The Soul Cages by Sting.

The song "Bear's Vision of St. Agnes" appears on the 2012 album Ten Stories by rock band mewithoutYou.

The St. Agnes Library is a branch of the New York Public Library located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, on Amsterdam Avenue between West 81st and West 82nd Streets.[23]

See also

References
  1. ""Saint Agnes", Franciscan Media". Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2019-04-10.
  2. ""Saint Agnes", Washington National Basilica"".
  3. "Monks of Ramsgate. "Agnes". Book of Saints, 1921. CatholicSaints.Info. 12 May 2012".
  4. ""St. Agnes", Faith ND, University of Notre Dame".
  5. "NPNF210. Ambrose: Selected Works and Letters – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
  6. "St. Agnes, Virgin and Martyr". St. Agnes Cathedral. Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
  7. "Duffy, Patrick. "Jan 21 – St Agnes (d. 305) martyr", Catholic Ireland, 21 January 2012".
  8. "St. Agnes of Rome". Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese.
  9. "Saint Agnes of Rome, Virgin and Martyr". Learn Religions. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  10. ""Virginmartyr Agnes of Rome", Orthodox Church in America".
  11. "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
  12. "For All the Saints / For All the Saints - A Resource for the Commemorations of the Calendar / Worship Resources/ Karakia/ ANZPB-HKMOA / Resources / Home - Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia". www.anglican.org.nz. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
  13. "Agnes and Cecilia of Rome". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  14. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Agnes, Saint". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 377.
  15. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Agnes of Rome".
  16. "Pope modifies and enriches Pallium Investiture Ceremony". Vatican Radio. January 29, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  17. "Pope Francis celebrates Saint Agnes with blessing of lambs".
  18. "Blessing of lambs a 500 year old tradition, priest reveals".
  19. ""History", St. Agnes Cathedral". Archived from the original on 2018-09-13. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
  20. "Church of St Agnes, English Heritage National Monuments".
  21. "The non-dramatic works of Hrosvitha : Text, translation, and commentary". 1936.
  22. Librivox. "LibriVox". librivox.org. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  23. "St. Agnes Library".

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