Saint Ann (1797 ship)
Saint Ann (or Saint Anne, or Saint Anna) was launched at Liverpool in 1797. She made one voyage as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. She foundered or was shipwrecked or destroyed in 1798 after she had delivered her captives but before she could return to Liverpool.
| History | |
|---|---|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Great Britain | |
| Name | Saint Ann |
| Owner | Robert Johnson |
| Launched | 1797, Liverpool |
| Fate | Lost 1798 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | 180,[1] or 249[2] (bm) |
| Complement | 30[2] |
| Armament | 16 × 9-pounder guns[2] |
Enslaving voyage and loss
St Ann first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1797.[1]
| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1797 | R.Jones | R.Johnson | Liverpool–Africa | LR |
Captain Robert Jones acquired a letter of marque on 18 September 1797.[2] He sailed from Liverpool on 26 October 1797, and was at Falmouth on 3 November. He acquired captives first at Iles de Los, and then at Cape Grand Mount.[3]
Saint Ann shared by agreement with HMS Daedalus and HMS Hornet, and the letter of marque slave ship Ellis in the proceeds of the recapture of Quaker (December 1797) and Ocean (January 1798).[4][5] The four vessels had been cruising jointly to find and destroy "Renaud's Squadron".[lower-alpha 1] Daedalus and Hornet destroyed Bell, which Renaud's squadron had captured, and did some damage to the town and fort at Gorée.[7]
On 30 May 1798 Ellis, St Anne, and Pilgrim engaged the French frigate Convention, Captain Roscow, of 32 guns and 200 men. After an exchange of broadsides, the French sailed away.[6][lower-alpha 2]
Saint Ann and Ellis arrived at Barbados around 3 July. On their way they recaptured Hannah, which had been sailing from Mogadore to London when captured.[6][lower-alpha 3]
Saint Ann arrived at St Vincent on 7 July 1798 with 384 captives.[3]
It is not clear when and how Saint Ann was lost. One source states that Captain Robert Jones was lost at sea on this, his seventh voyage as captain of a slave ship, and gives a date of 26 June 1798,[14] but the report of her arrival at St Vincent makes no mention of "late Jones".
Saint Ann had left Liverpool with 70 crew members, and had lost 60 on her voyage.[3]
In 1798, 25 British enslaving vessels were lost. Two were lost on their way back to England.[15] In 1798, 160 vessels sailed from British ports on enslaving voyages,[16][17] for a 16% loss rate. During the period 1793 to 1807, war, rather than maritime hazards or resistance by the captives, was the greatest cause of vessel losses among British enslaving vessels.[18]
Notes
- Renaud was probably Jean-Marie Renaud.[6]
- There was no French naval frigate named Convention at the time.[8] She may have been a privateer, but the primary source on privateers also does not carry a Convention.[9]
- Hannah, Lamb, master, had been captured in 1797 by the privateer Buonaparte,[10] which sent her to Bayonne.[11] Hannah, Lamb, master, of 87 tons (bm), had been launched at Sunderland in 1782.[12] Buonaparte may have been a 32-tonne cutter from Saint-Malo. She was armed with three guns and had a crew of 32 men under a Captain F. Rousse. HMS Ambuscade captured her in the Caribbean around June 1797.[13]
Citations
- LR (1797), "S" supple. pages.
- "Letter of Marque, p.87 – Retrieved 25 July 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
- Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Saint Ann voyage #83453.
- "No. 15138". The London Gazette. 25 May 1799. p. 509.
- "No. 15510". The London Gazette. 28 August 1802. p. 922.
- Williams (1897), pp. 347–348.
- Williams (1897), p. 347.
- Winfield & Roberts (2015), p. 451.
- Demerliac (1999).
- "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 2971. 21 November 1797. hdl:2027/mdp.39015073721238.
- "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 2973. 5 December 1797. hdl:2027/mdp.39015073721238.
- LR (1797), Seq.no.H45.
- Demerliac (1999), p. 245, no.2080.
- Behrendt (1990), p. 136.
- Inikori (1996), p. 62.
- Williams (1897), p. 680.
- Behrendt (2001), p. 174, fn.6.
- Inikori (1996), p. 58.
References
- Behrendt, Stephen D. (1990). "The Captains in the British slave trade from 1785 to 1807" (PDF). Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. 140.
- Behrendt, Stephen D. (2001). "Markets, Transaction Cycles, and Profits: Merchant Decision Making in the British Slave Trade". William and Mary Quarterly. Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. 58 (1, New Perspectives on the Transatlantic Slave Trade): 171–204. doi:10.2307/2674423. JSTOR 2674423.
- Demerliac, Alain (1999). La Marine de la Révolution: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1792 à 1799 (in French). Éditions Ancre. ISBN 9782906381247. OCLC 492783890.
- Inikori, Joseph (1996). "Measuring the unmeasured hazards of the Atlantic slave trade: Documents relating to the British trade". Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer. 83 (312): 53–92. doi:10.3406/outre.1996.3457.
- Williams, Gomer (1897). History of the Liverpool Privateers and Letters of Marque: With an Account of the Liverpool Slave Trade. W. Heinemann.
- Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S. (2015). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786–1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-204-2.